Poetry and Lentil Essay

Read the English translation of the following poem by the Armenian poet Zahrad. It will aid in your comprehension if you take note of the poem’s title. Then, in one or two carefully constructed paragraphs, explore how rhythm is created in the poem and how it interacts with other elements such as imagery to create an effect—an impact on the audience. In your response, be sure to describe what feeling, effect, or impact the rhythm and other elements achieve. The Woman Cleaning LentilsA lentil, a lentil, a lentil, a stone.A lentil, a lentil, a lentil, a stone.A green one, a black one, a green one, a black. A stone.A lentil, a lentil, a stone, a lentil, a lentil, a word.Suddenly a word. A lentil.A lentil, a word, a word next to another word. A sentence.A word, a word, a word, a nonsense speech.Then an old song.Then an old dream.A life, another life, a hard life. A lentil. A life.An easy life. A hard life. Why easy? Why hard?Lives next to each other. A life. A word. A lentil.A green one, a black one, a green one, a black one, pain.A green song, a green lentil, a black one, a stone.A lentil, a stone, a stone, a lentil. 1| I believe the rhythm is set by the repetition of short units. For example â€Å"a len/til, a len/til, a len/til, a stone†. So the base rhythm for this specific quotation would be anapestic tetrameter. I believe the title is tied into the poem through a metaphor. The repetition of how a lentil (plant) is talked about in the poem I believe is talking about the woman’s job; how it is repetitive and ordinary. The imagery in the poem reinforces this metaphor I believe through the quotation â€Å"a green one, a black one, a green one, a black. A stone†. When the quotation is said a second time it gives the reader an image of the â€Å"pain† the woman faces with her difficult job. The woman faces a â€Å"hard† life as a peasant. I feel the rhythm and imagery work together sort of as I explained in the last paragraph. They connect together through the metaphor of cleaning and how repetitive the woman’s job is. The effect it has on the audience is that the poem essentially balances on interest and dullness. The interest is reading the poem and understanding it, and the dullness is the content of the poem, and how we know the woman’s life is very dull and repetitive. The dullness of the poem is kept to a minimum by keeping the poem so short, otherwise us as the audience would lose interest in the poem. In a quick analysis of the poem, the woman is doing a boring, repetitive job and becomes one with the ‘rhythm’. While she is doing her mindless tasks, in rhythm, her thoughts are wandering over the life she’s living, including her dreams and her pains.

Management position within hospitality industry

The most complex work in the hotel in terms of communication and of coordinating and completing working documents is done by Floor Managers. These employees often supervise others who perform service tasks directly for the guests. Floor Managers are responsible for liaising between Room Attendants on the guest floors and managers in the housekeeping office.Qualifications required are a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in hotel management, and work experience in hospitality industry. At the basement-level housekeeping office, Floor Managers report and monitor room status and special room requests received from other parts of the hotel. They check the computer-generated status reports for discrepancies from their visual checks of the actual rooms. If a room coded for check-out appeared occupied on the floor, they would check the Expected Departure report on the computer to see if the guest had actually checked out (Bardi 2002).Usually, the main requires are:SupervisionInvent ory managementQuality ControlCoordination of other managers and staffShipping and receivingDocumentary control (Floor Manager Position 2007).The responsibilities are:Each one supervises 15 Room Attendants and two Housemen, covering three to four floors, or 240–320 rooms.On the floors, they check the status and progress of room cleaning, inspected rooms and augmented the Room Attendants' work.One of their duties, for example, is putting triple bed sheets and extra amenities in VIP rooms.They have to get the extra sheet, then take some of the bedding off and remake the bed. The number of VIPs they had to do beds for is never predictable, and they have to squeeze them into their regularly scheduled activities.The number of floors and rooms Floor Managers are responsible for varied, too, because of airline employee guests, who rarely checked out until after the day shift finished, and because of movement in the predicted house counts (overall room occupancies) (Powers and Barrows 2002).The Floor Managers are all in the office together at three times during the day: the beginning and end of the shift, and during the midmorning clearing and briefing meeting. These are busy, but not clearly structured times, with managers picking up special supplies, double-checking irregularities in the room status reports, answering phones. In Hilton Hotels, for instance, Floor Managers work is organized as follows:workday starts, between 7 and 8; the Floor Managers come in and prepared their own worksheets for the day; they check the 6:30 a.m. room status reports and special requests, along with the log book confirming their floor assignments;  then they go up on the floors to check the room status and supply needs with each Room Attendant, who has verified their status as soon as she/he arrives on the floor;Floor Managers then return downstairs to check and adjust room assignments against the Coordinator's log book (Powers and Barrows 2002). For example, some rooms in th e early-morning computer status report noted as vacant and clean may have become occupied in the interim. Or vacant and clean rooms may have become VIP or rush rooms, which Floor Managers would hear about in the office and have to inform the Room Attendant about. In many cases, Floor Manager’s position is called a â€Å"supervisor†.Floor Managers themselves have to identify VIP rooms and they have to spend extra time to set up the rooms, and collect and deliver the extras. The VIP rooms could not be neglected, and they are seldom blocked (assigned by Front Desk) in advance. So throughout the day, Floor Managers have to monitor upcoming VIP rooms and prepare them in time for the guests' arrival (Powers and Barrows 2002).Work stress and pressure is a remarkable feature of this position. Very often, checking room reports against their lists, for example, is interrupted by a ringing telephone or a co-worker's query. Most often the interruption involves a guest's urgent req uest, which demanded an immediate response. People write down notes, speak on the phone to guests, page others to fill requests and relay orders to the Centralized Action Room. Several talks at once; seldom are the exchange restricted to two people (Stutts 2001).Floor Managers work primarily from photocopied forms attached to clipboards that they fill out each day as they completed their work. The worksheets serve as organizational tools, memory aids and long-term records, to be boxed and stored for a prescribed number of years. From my observations throughout the hotel, the computers stored information on sales, purchases, personnel and payroll, and guests and occupancy rather than any detailed records of daily work.And unless each Floor Manager is equipped with a hand-held computer, inputting such information would have been impractical when there is already a paper record. In the basement office, Floor Managers also check for recent special requests like rush rooms or VIPs, or th ey receive them as phone messages, occasionally via pager (Stutts 2001).ReferencesBardi J.A. (2002). Hotel Front Office Management Wiley; 3 edition. Floor Manager Position (2007). Retrieved 01 July 2007, Powers T., Barrows C.W. (2002). Introduction to the Hospitality Industry. Wiley, 5 edition. Stutts A. (2001). Hotel and Lodging Management. An Introduction. Wiley.

Controlling Organized Crime Essay

The following research will discuss how to control organized crime from different perspectives, principles, and theories. It will also encompass the problems presented by organized crime and the relationships it must establish to be successful and for its survival. This research will also explain how federal laws limit law enforcement agencies effectiveness to combat organized crime. There are probable solutions to some of the issues that we have today with organized crime tribunals. Organized crime groups are criminals that operate by conducting lawful and unlawful acts. In many occasions these organized crime groups own legitimate business, which works as a tool to launder money and camouflage their illegal activities. Criminal organizations are similar to major corporations in the aspect of providing a product that the public wants and demands for. They provide to their market an array of illegal comforts and not limited to; gambling, prostitution, narcotics, weapons, and stolen e lectrical products at a marked down rate. Criminal organizations would not be involved with any acts that do not result in a profit. Law enforcement studies have determined different theories that can assist in determining the reasons why the public in a particular geographical location have decided to partake in criminal activities. Many people fall to be victims to organized crime. They are affected by the drugs and other illegal activities that are brought into their community. Some victims are killed by organized crime groups for an array of reasons. Criminal justice scholars have established three major theories that assist law enforcement agencies to determine the origin of these criminal organizations. The alien conspiracy theory mainly consist of immigrants with different cultural believes and way of life (Lyman & Potter, 2007). In most cases this group of people have joined together to fight against government suppression. It is important to understand these reasons so law enforcement agencies can gather information by using tactics that will not raise the criminal organizations suspicions and be able to gather intelligence. The community and social networks in geographical locations are important factors that must be taken in to consideration when studying these criminal groups. Law enforcement agencies must determine if these locations life demands exceed the individual’s resources. When an individual is in a bad situation they may analyze the pros and cons of a criminal life and rationally decided that there are better opportunities and benefits turning to a criminal life style, this is called the rational choice theory (Lyman & Potter, 2007). To control criminal activity law enforcement has implemented severe punishments for crimes that relate to providing illegal substances or acts to the public. This method of controlling crime is called the deterrence theory (Lyman & Potter, 2007). Organized crime is combated at multiple levels federal and local. Local governments determine the methods and the intensity of law enforcement in their regions. It is ultimately there decision and responsibility to combat organized crime in their area. Because corruption and organized crime is primarily found in areas with deteriorated social development it is important that the local governments provide better opportunities for society. In these cases the government is inadequate and in most cases it fails to provide the proper financial means. Furthermore, it lacks a strong judicial system. Law enforcement agencies encounter legal limitations at all times when dealing with criminal cases. Many of those limitations can be found in the United States Constitution. Others are as simple as area of jurisdiction. For example: If an investigation leads officers to another state, they would need to notify their judicial and law enforcement agencies of their presence and be granted authority to continue their investigation in their area. Levels such as local, state, and national law enforcement exist and they may only execute arrest within their are a of operation. Otherwise they would need to get approval and if the approval is not granted any evidence found will be dropped from evidence. Also a limitation, such as the Fourth Amendment of the constitution prohibits law enforcement from illegal search and seizures. For example: If a law enforcement agent is investigating a Mafia member they must first gather sufficient evidence that shows with a doubt that there is probable cause and also be granted a search warrant by a judge. These procedures require tedious amount of work and time. The longer the process takes the efforts put into surveillance the more likely it is that the criminal will become aware of law enforcement presence and change their methods. The Fifth Amendment protects the accused and leaves the burden of proof to the prosecutor, which works from intelligence gathered by law enforcement. The Organized crime control act of 1970 and the RICO act are law passed to control organized crime groups from racketeering into legal business es. The patriot act extremely lowered restrictions to law enforcement agents giving them the authority to implement to their tactics wiretaps, audit of business records, and surveillance of people involved with terrorist groups. Because many organized crimes groups are involved with terrorist groups in the purchase and sell of products the patriot act granted the opportunity to law enforcement to investigate on suspects that were hard to reach before the patriot act became active. The most effective solution to fighting organized crime is for law enforcement agencies to work together at local, state, national, and international levels. In many occasions organized crime groups have people that aid them in political power positions. Government employees should be subject to a full back ground check and affiliation research to ensure that they are not assisting or co-working with any known criminal groups. Furthermore, these checks must also be performed in the military to ensure that we are not training individuals that are affiliated to criminal groups and inadvertently making them stronger. Organized crime groups are large profitable organizations. Law enforcement agencies are working together to implement laws and new tactics to reduce their criminal activity. It is imperative to understand that it requires the three groups of the judicial system to effectively combat organized crime. While the police enforces and neutralizes criminal activities the government must provide options to society to deter them from supporting or joining criminal activities. â€Æ'References Lyman, M. D., & Potter, G. W. (2007). Organized crime (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall.

Christianity and the comparison of two professor's viewpoints Essay

Christianity and the comparison of two professor's viewpoints - Essay Example The first argument is that Christians, like Jewish, believe in supreme god called Yahweh. They both perceive Yahweh as a single, creating, universal God who spoke through cannons or sacred text. Christianity is anchored on the principles that God still acts in the world just like He used to act during the time of Moses. He builds a personal relationship with anyone who believes on him or any person who follows His laws. Because of this, every Christian is expected to keep God’s laws and live a holy life(Boardman, Griffin & Murray 225). Christians, like Jewish, are expected to set an example of holiness and morality to the rest of the world. They also believe that both Christians and the Jewish believe that social justice is an imperative requirement that forms the main basis through which ethical standards for Christianity is determined. The two professors believe that both the Jewish and Christian believes that the image of Jesus as messiah is framed within the context of Jew ish prophetic literature (Matthews & Platt 53). Additionally, just like Judaism, Christian believes that there is a divine savior at the end of time. The two professors believes that Christian religion is indebted in Judaism and that for one to fully understand the principles governing that Christian life, he or she must have background information related to the Judaism. The two professors believed that Roman Empire had a lot of influence on Christianity’s history. The Roman Empire had several doctrines that were appealing. Political solidity and communication over a large area helped missionary efforts to spread the religion (Guisepi, 2003, p.56). Therefore, in the Western Humanities, Professor Matthews and Platt feel that the main influences on Christianity were Judaism and the Roman Empire with other, smaller religions also having an impact (Matthews & Platt 61). They believed that Roman Empire adopted Christianity as a way of teaching Christ and its ideology. They asserted that

Marshallian Demand and Supply Theory Assignment

Marshallian Demand and Supply Theory - Assignment Example Very much similar to the modern supply and demand functions, it shows the choices of the customer in terms of his demand over a range of prices. Moreover, in the case of supply, it would show the quantity supplied, for a range of prices. Quite understandably, over demand would increase as the prices keep on increasing since these share a negative relation with each other. However, supply, on the other hand, would have a positive relationship with the price; therefore, the supply curve would be an upward or positively sloped curve (Taylor & Weerapana, pp. 126-128, 2007). Moreover, there are two very important assumptions for the Marshallian model as well. Firstly, that the supply and demand, is in no way, interdependent but act freely. Secondly, that supply is limited and finite, and the basic principle of economics must hold true that there are scare resources (Henderson, pp. 124-128, 2009). In addition, this model perfectly solves the utility maximization problem as well. Since consumers get a range of choices, sets of prices and the quantity supplied and demanded on them, they can choose the set, which satisfies them the most (Pindyck & Rubinfeld, pp. 148-149, 2001). Unlike, the Hicksian model, Marshallian model of supply and demand also accommodates the income and substitution effects. In the study of microeconomics, the Hickson model is referred to as the compensated demand function since its idea rests on fixed utility. However, the Marshallian model of supply and demand has received the name of uncompensated demand function, since, as mentione d earlier, that it offers the option of utility maximization (Rittenberg, pp. 469-478, 2008). Quite clearly, the laws of demand and supply are helpful in predicting the direction of changes in price and quantity, whether it would increase or decrease, in response to various shifts in demand and supply.  

Cultural Diversity - action plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cultural Diversity - action plan - Essay Example The society must, therefore, strive to enhance cultural proficiency through the adoption and implementation of an effective action plan. The creation of cultural awareness, self and societal, is critical for the development of cultural proficiency. People should be enlightened on the need to understand and appreciate their culture, beliefs, and values, knowledge, and interests, from the individual level to the community level (Lindsey, Robins, & Terrell, 2009). Accepting the cultural differences that exist and respecting them is important for the enhancement of cultural proficiency. The society should be educated on the need to appreciate each other despite the cultural differences. The society should also be enlightened on the need to values the different cultural practices, values, and ways of communication, which exist because of diversity (Leavitt, 2010). The promotion of cultural knowledge in institutions can work towards the development of cultural proficiency. Therefore, it is important that institutions like schools work towards the promotion of cultural knowledge, and consequently, cultural proficiency (Lindsey, Robins, & Terrell, 2009). All the members in the society and the authorities that govern the society should join hands in the promotion of cultural proficiency. The participation and cooperation of every individual will be vital in the implementation of the cultural proficiency action plan. The government, local authorities, educational institutions, and all other institutions should ensure the implementation of the action plan for the enhancement of humanity (Leavitt, 2010). While some issues deemed important for the promotion of cultural competence demand for specific resources, others require the commitment of the society only. For instance, the creation of cultural awareness and the institutionalization of cultural

Commercial Banking in the 1980's Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Commercial Banking in the 1980's - Essay Example was relatively fragmented in nature as there were different and often contradictory laws that were put in place to basically govern the commercial banking sector of the country. This era of fragmented laws however, allowed banks to remain profitable as under regulations they were specifically given the different products and services to sell rather than allowing them freely to engage themselves into activities that were more speculative in nature. This was also due to the fact that a mismatch between the different regulatory environments of the country allowed commercial banks to basically insulate themselves against the different economic shocks as their overall scope was limited through these regulations. For example, under special legislative process, banks were given the monopoly over certain products such as checking accounts which basically restricted other financial institutions to float any such product. Further, the legislations also allowed the banks to avoid direct competi tion as there were restrictions on the inter-state opening of the branches. It is also critical to understand that the banks were specifically restricted to offer interest rates on the checking accounts thus restricting them to engage into price wars and keep themselves under restricted conditions so as to basically allow all the banks to operate at even terms. The era before 1980s was therefore an era which basically restricted the encroachment of other institutions to take over the role of banks thus allowing banks to compete among themselves rather than competing with a variety of other financial institutions thus increasing the overall competition within the industry. The era after 1980s and up to 1999 was an era which made a swift transition from the above sets of regulations and as such the overall position enjoyed by the banks were taken over and as a result many banks failed and insolvencies increased. This has been the result of gradual changes in the regulations which

Quality Management Plan Executive Summary Essay

Quality Management Plan Executive Summary - Essay Example Quality verification is going take place from a number of outlooks. For instance there is going to be a different quality verification checklist for the project management as a whole. Such as a checklist includes among other thins the ability of the project team to stick to quality standards, work within time frame, spending within given budget and ability to use required resources. There is also going to be a quality verification checklist for the engine to be built. This will include the compartments of the engine, functioning of the engine, durability of the engine and cost of production. As stated in the definition, the project scope spans on the production of an engine with an extra valve. The project shall be limited to the advancement of engines that are already in the market and that have already been produced by the company. This means that the new compartment is going to come in only as an improved feature and not the invention of a new system of engine. The project is also limited to the production of engine for use in smaller cars and not heavy duty cars. At the end of the project, there is going to be both a new project type and a service type. This calls for the drafting of both a product description and a service description. Having talked a lot about the product as an engine with a new value compartment to handle more pressure, the attention will now go to service description. It is expected that the service that the product will produce shall be one that can judged as high quality engine service to product users. This should be a feature that should assure more distance, less repair, durability, resistance to weather, anti-theft features and user friendly features. Having stated the service that the product is expected to serve, it is clear that the standard of the project is one that is expected to be very high. It is for this reason that there shall be special quality assurance systems to monitor the quality and standard of the product at dif ferent times of its production. As part of the regulations that guide the construction of the project, there shall be quality assessment at each stage of the system implementation. This will ensure that all defects and sub-standards will be detected as early as possible and flashed out. Finally, the project process outputs shall be made up of two major components, which are project outcome and project impact. The outcome refers to the end product, which shall be a multi-functional engine that is built on the principle of extra power. The impact refers to the advantages that the project is going to create for users. Very outstanding among these is the fact that users will not need to replace engines as quickly as possible. This means that there will be financial benefit for users. Due to environmental considerations made in the construction also, the environment is going to be spared of all forms of pollution that are commonly caused by bad engines. REFERENCE LIST Luther T. A (2009). Economic Mastery in times of Global Crisis. Multimedia Press Limited: Chicago Project Management Documents (2012) Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) Template. Accessed April 11, 2012 from http://www.projectmanagementdocs.com/templates/work-breakdown-structure-wbs.html Tomhill R. (2008). Innovation for new Economic Dispensation. Ultimate Press Limited:

Denial or doubters of the environmental global warming Essay

Denial or doubters of the environmental global warming - Essay Example These experts include Frederick Seitz, Ph.D. Richard S. Lindzen, Ph.D., S. Fred Singer, Ph.D, Patrick J. Michaels, Ph.D.,Robert C. Balling, Jr. Ph. D.1 They have expressed doubts over climate change and challenged the consensus of mainstream scientists (Granados). This paper briefly explains the biggest theory of denial or doubters of the environmental global warming Lord Crimson (n. d) has cited the opinions of 19,000 scientists in order to argue against the established theories of global warming. These scientists have established that the current theories about the responsibility of the human in global warming are in question. They have signed a petition saying global warming is probably natural and not a crisis (Lord Crimson). United States is depending heavily (around 85%) on fossil fuels for its energy needs. Fossil fuels are exhausting day by day and it is difficult for United Sates to meet all its energy needs in future in the absence of fossil fuels. So, they want to reduce the usage of fossil fuels as much as possible by other countries and for that purpose they have attributed the global warming problem to the emissions from the fossil fuels. â€Å"Dr Sami Solanki, the director of the renowned Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research in Gottingen, Germany, ha conducted a research in order to find out the reasons behind global warming. He has concluded that the Sun has been at its strongest over the past 60 years and may now be affecting global temperatures† (The Global Warming Scam). In other worlds, instead of searching for the reasons of global warming on earth, we must look in to the sky to find out reasons. The solar radiations were intensified a lot for the last 1000years as per the studies conducted by Dr. Solanki. These rise in solar temperature causing the atmospheric temperature rise and melting of ice from the Polar Regions. Increased amount of flood, the sea level rise and the melting of huge ice blocks

Allow Gay and lesbians to be married Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Allow Gay and lesbians to be married - Essay Example Based on this, gay and lesbian marriage should be allowed in the society. Same-sex marriages should be allowed in the society. However, those opposing this idea have come out with different facts to condemn the idea. Research shows that same sex marriage is beneficial to the society and the country legalizing same sex marriage. Lipp (2013) argues that same-sex marriage is beneficial to the US and the general population. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender LGBT, contributes economically, socially, politically and financially to American society. Discriminations of LGBT rights lowers the dignity of American people especially LGBT. However, giving them their rights such as legalizing same sex marriages establishes their worthiness and values as American people having equal rights like others (Lipp, 2013). Further, support of same sex marriages gives values and establishes minority groups that have suffered for a long time. Additionally, cases of stigmatization and homophobia are reduced and large population throughout the US and other parts of the world will relate well with LGBT. This is vital in reducing cases of discrimination against gays and lesbians. Discrimination against same sex marriage or rights that are enjoyed by same-sex persons affects individuals advocating and practicing same-sex marriage psychologically and socially. However, allowing same-sex couples to have rights the same way straight couples have assisted them in reducing cases of psychological effects and promote a healthy society (Lipp, 2013). The study shows that many same-sex couples in the US raise children. However, children raised by same sex couples have been disadvantaged because they do not enjoy the rights provided to them by the federal government just like benefits provided to families of straight couples. This affects children,

Securities regulation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Securities regulation - Essay Example As such, it reduces the events of unwarranted lawsuits. Additionally, the regulation is perceivably accurate, owing to its elimination of unjustifiable errors. However, there may be events of complexity in the preparation of financial statements emanating from this procedure. Besides, the principles-based regulations usually employ the commonly conventional accounting principles as their accounting foundations. Set objectives aid in the creation of accurate financial records. There is usually an example that serves as a guideline in the preparation of such financial statements. A significant merit in this principle is the fact that it may be applicable in the effortless creation of financial records in numerous accounting circumstances as opposed to its rules-based counterpart. However, its key setback may emanate from its lack of uniformed guidelines, thereby producing inconsistent information, thereby making it difficult in the comparison of dissimilar organizations. Besides, in cases of litigation, the accountants may compel themselves into unwarranted legal

Personal Statement Essay Example for Free

Personal Statement Essay My name is Chi Chen Hsieh from Taiwan. In my whole life i never be a super-student who is academically ingenious. I’m more proud about what I’ve achieved, and I take pride in my success. When you take a look at the world I come from, maybe you’d be impressed by me, the student who has came from very far away from the United state, the boy who spends his whole high school years learn how to speak English and completes an honest number of volunteer hours. The world I come from is much different than what the numbers and letters may portray because those numbers are relative to everyone around me. But my world is unique and my success is genuine. Since the beginning of high school, I’ve had to shape most of my path on my own while breaking down academic barriers. I graduated from a middle school at Taiwan and I did not do well on the high school entrance exam over there so i decided to study in America. Obviously I was underprepared for high school compared to other international students. Nonetheless, when given the option to challenge myself as a freshman, I did. I struggled through every courses and even had to repeat a half of semester of Old Testament ( an religious course) because I could not speak any English. I had been home sick for a lot of time in a year and my parents and teachers were very upset about my performance at school. So by the time I changed my high school in my sophomore year, I was really happy that I did change to another boarding school, because it is a smaller school and have a lot of people from all over the world. I start working hard and social with a lot of people from different countries. At the end of my junior year, I become the International students prefect by the head of the school. Receiving this honor w as meaningful because it showed that I had taught myself how to succeed. My situation at home was different as well. All of my family went to the top colleges in Taiwan, and though they have always encouraged me to attend to the top colleges in USA. The process has been very challenging as I’ve needed to find the resources and information about colleges mostly on my own because the application system is different from Taiwan . At my high school, being the first generation in your family to go to college in USA immediately makes you the minority, regardless of ethnicity. But i found a lot of support from my school, I asked a lot of teachers about colleges. They all gave me a lot of suggestion so I finally decide what colleges I am interesting and study business as a measure. I am really happy that I can graduate from this high school because, I understand that my high school teaches more than just English, they teaches me how to challenge myself and be successful. The academic struggles I’ve faced in my world have geared me toward attending college and pursuing a career thereafter. Good things are given to those who work hard, like the International prefect spot I received. I know that difficulties and challenges arise, but I also know that there’s always a way to break the barrier. Wherever I go, I’ll take advantage of every opportunity I’m given because I’ve already proven to myself that I can be successful, even if the odds are against me.

Properties of Enzyme Catalysts

Properties of Enzyme Catalysts Introduction Enzymes:Enzymes are single or multiple -chain proteins that act as a biological catalysts with the ability to promote specific chemical rxn under the mild condition that prevail in most living organism. Over-view of Enzymes catalysts All reaction in the body are mediated by enzymes, which are protein catalysis that increase the rate of reaction without being changed in overall process. Among the many biologic reaction that are energetic possible, Enzyme selectively channel reactant called substrate into useful pathways. Enzynes thus direct all metabolic events. Enzyme are Protein Catalyst that increase the velocity of the chemical rxn, and are not consumed during the rxn they catalyse. Some type of RNA act like a Enzyme, RNA with catalytic activity are called Ribozymes. Enzymes are protein catalysts, they influence the kinetics but not the thermodynamics of a reaction Increase the rate of a chemical reaction Do not alter the equilibrium Properties of enzymes Enzyme molecules contain a special pocket called a active site. The active site contain amino acid side chain that create a three dimention surface complementary to the substrate . the active site bind the substrate , forming an enzyme substrate (ES) complex. The ES is converted to enzyme product(EP), which subsequently dissociated to enzyme and product. Catalytic efficiency: Most enzyme catalytic rxn are highly efficient , proceeding from 103 to 108 times faster than the uncatalysed rxn. Eacg enzyme molecule is capable of transforming 100 to 1000 substrate molecules into product each sec. The number of molecules of substrate converted to product is called the turnover no. Characterstic of Enzymes Certain substance is small amount have unique capacity of speedingup chemical rxn without being alter after the rxn, they acceleration the velocity of the rxn without necessary initially it. Substance that behave in this manner are called catalyst or catalytic agent. For eg hydrogen and oxygen do not combine to any appreciable extent under normal atmospheric condition. However unlike platinum , while is inorganic , enzyme are organic compound produce by living organism. Thus we may define enzyme as organic catalyst produced by a organic cell. The three distinctive characterstic are 1)specificity. 2)high Catalyst rate 3)high capacity for regulation. A general model of reaction kinetics of biological systems Dyanamic mathematical model in biotechnology require beside the information require the stoiciometry ok the biological rxn system.. The identification of a priori unknown reaction kinetics is often a critical task due to the non-linearity and (over-) parameterization of the model equations introduced to account for all the possible modulation phenomena. The contribution of this paper is to propose a general formulation of reaction kinetics, as an extension of the Michaelis-Menten kinetics, which allows limitation/activation and inhibition effects to be described with a reduced number of parameters. The dianamic model of a perfectly stirred tank bioreactor is usually derived from a mass balance which lead to a differential eq systwm for the concentration vector ) = c0; r(c(t))=q(c(t))cx0(t) The matrix âÅ'ˆâ‚ ¬R^m*n contains the information on the stoichiometry of the reaction system and is usually timeinvariant. The biological reactions r â‚ ¬ R ^ m are catalysed by the viable biomass, whose concentration is denoted by cx0(t); and the specific reaction rate vector q â‚ ¬R^m is usually a non-linear function of the concentrations. Dâ‚ ¬ R is the renewal (or dilution) rate and u â‚ ¬ R^ n containsthe reactor input/output conditions. There are a large variety of mathematical descriptions of the reaction kinetics available in the literature. A systematic approach is, therefore, necessary to find the best model structure and the best values ofthe model parameters with respect to some imposed criterion. For instance, in terms of model identification, the optimal structure is characterised by minimal correlations between parameters and maximal identifiability properties. In terms of state estimation and control, however, simplicity and (non-)linearity play impo rtant roles.[5] ENZYME CATALYST Most of the rxn that occur in living organism are catalyst by molecule called enzyme. Most enzymes are proteins (certain RNA molecules also act as enzyme). An enzyme is in specific in its action. Many enzymes catalyst only the conversion of a particular reactant to a particular product ;other enzyme catalyst only a certain class of rxn(by ester hydrolysis) . Enzyme speed up rxn rate very substantionally and in their absent most biological rxn occur . The molecule an enzyme act on is called the substrate.the substrate bind to a specific active site on the enzymeso form as enzyme substrate complex. Some physiological poison act by binding to active site of an enzyme,there blocking the action of the enzyme.the structure of an inhibitor may resemble the structure of enzyme substrate .Cyanide act by blocking the enzyme cytochrome oxidase. The single called Escherichia coli, a bacterium that flourished in human colons, contain about 2500 different enzymes .[6] Enzyme Kinetics 1 Michaelis-Menten Kinetics 2.Lineweaver-Burk Kinetics 3. Hanes-Woolf Kinetics 4. Eadie-hofstee 5. Reversible Inhibition[7] K1 k2 E+S ↔ ES ↔ E+P k-1 k-2 E is the free enzyme , S is the substrate, ES is the enzyme substrate complex p is the product. Thp overall rxn is s gives p. The enzyme is assumed in step 1 and rearranged in step 2.Enzymes can catalyze up to several million reactions per second 2.Enzyme rates depend on solution conditions and substrate concentration. Conditions that denature the protein abolish enzyme activity, such as high temperatures, extremes of pH or high salt concentrations, while raising substrate concentration tends to increase activity. To find the maximum speed of an enzymatic reaction, the substrate concentration is increased until a constant rate of product formation is seen. This is shown in the saturation curve on the right. Saturation happens because, as substrate concentration increases, more and more of the free enzyme is converted into the substrate-bound ES form. At the maximum velocity (Vmax) of the enzyme, all the enzyme active sites are bound to substrate, and the amount of ES complex is the same as the total amount of enzyme. However, Vmax is only one kinetic constant of enzymes. The amount of substrate needed to achieve a given rate of reaction is also important. This is given by the Michaelis-Menten constant (Km), which is the substrate concentration required for an enzyme to reach one-half its maximum velocity. Each enzyme has a characteristic Km for a given substrate, and this can show how tight the binding of the substrate is to the enzyme In most experimental studies on enzymes kinetics, the enzyme concentrationis much less than the substrate concentration; [E] [ES]-[E][P] 0=([E] -[E][S])(k[E][S]-[P])-(+)[ES] If [is the initial enzyme concentration than [E]=[E]+[ES].since the conc is [E]during the rxn is generally not known while [E] is known , we replace [E] by [E] The const rate is =- R=[E][S]-[ES] R=[E][S]-([S]+[ES] Since the concentration of the intermediate ES is very small, we have Usually,the rxn is followed only to a few percent completion and the initial rate determined. Setting the product concentration [P]equal to 0 and [S]equal to [S] We get as the initial rate r where the Michaelis Menten const is defined by . The reciprocal of above eq is 1/r= 1/ Equation 2 is the Michaelis Menten eq , and above eq is the Lineweaver Burk eq. One measure r for several [S] values with [E] held fixed. The constant Since [E] is known . strictly speaking r is not the rate at t=0 , since there is a short induction period before steady state condition are establish . Although many exp studies on enzyme kinetic give a rate law in agreement with the Michaelis Menten eq .the mech ‘a is grossly over simplified. For one thing , there is much evidence that , while the substrate is bound to the enzyme , it generally undergoes a chemical change before being released as product . hence a better model is E + S ES ↔ EP ↔ E+ P The above model gives a rate law that has the same form as the Michaelis Menten eq but the const are replaced const with diff significance . Enzyme rxn are quite fast but can be studied using â€Å"classical† methods by keeping [E] and [S]very slow. Lineweaver- Burk Equation The method describe for the determination of is someone complex and therefore simpler method have been devised. Two such method are given below: First method-a convient means of evaluating and is to plot kinetic data as the reciprocals of v and (S) where v velocity and (S) is the total conc of substrate. such a double reciprocal was proposed by Hans Lineweaver and Dean Burk in 1934. If one take the reciprocal of Michaelis Menten eq, the following eq is formed This is known as Lineweaver- Burk Equation. This eq is the form y=mx+b, if one condition the variable to b and 1/(s). When one plots a graph against these two variable , a straight line is obtained . the slop of this line corresponds to and the 1/v intercept corresponds to 1/. Since can be determine from the intercept , the can be calculated . Second method: another graphical method for the measurement of for experimentel data on V as a measure of (S) makes use of the above Lineweaver- Burk Equation . multiplication on sides of the by (S) gives: A plot of verses (S) gives a straight line on axis is and the slope is and can be obtained from intercepy of the slope. A lineweaver burk plots provide a quick test for adhereance to Michaelis Menten eq kinetic and allows easily evaluation of the critical const . it also allow the discrimination between diff kinds of enzyme inhibition and regulation. A disadventure of lineweaver-Burk plot is that a long extrapolation is often require to determine , which corresponds uncertainty in the result. Consequently , other way of plotting the data are sometimes used. Alternate plot are based on Hanes-eq: [s]/v So that v/[s] is plotted against v. The relative merit of the Lineweaver-Burk, Hanes and Edlie-Hoffstee eq for the determination of and are llustrated below in fig. Using the same set of e ixperimental values of v for a series of substrate concentration . it can be seen that the lineweaver-Burk eq gives the unequal distribution of points and greater emphasis to the points at low substrate concentration that are subject to a greater experimental error, whilst the Edlie-Hoffstee eq and a Hans eq gives a better distribution of points. In the case of the Hans plot , greater emphasis is placed on the experimental data at higher substrate 1)Lineweaver plot 2)Hanes plot 3) Eadie-hofstee plot Lineweaver burk, Hanes and Eadie hofstee plot the same set of experimental data of the effect of substrate conc. [S] on the initial rate v of the enzyme catalyst rxn. Reversible Inhibition Now consider the effect of reversibly-binding inhibitors on an enzyme. If an inhibitor binds reversibly at the same site as the substrate, the inhibition is referred to as competitive. If the inhibitor binds to another site on the enzyme, the binding is described as noncompetitive. These two alternative behaviors may be distinguished by their effects on Lineweaver-Burk or Hanes-Woolf plots. If a reversible inhibitor can bind to the enzyme active site in place of the substrate, it is described as a competitive inhibitor. In pure competitive inhibition, the inhibitor is assumed to bind to the free enzyme but not to the enzyme-substrate (ES) complex. The binding is described as shown below: Here Ki is the dissociation constant for the EI complex. EI does not react to form E + P, and the enzyme is unable to bind both S and I at the same time. There are several graphical methods for detecting and analyzing competitive inhibition. The Michaelis-Menten, Lineweaver-Burk, and Hanes-Woolf equations can all be modified to include a term that describes the inhibition by I. Choose one of the cases below to consider each of these in more detail: The Michaelis-Menten equation for competitive inhibition is: The Lineweaver-Burk equation for competitive inhibition is: The Hanes-Woolf equation for competitive inhibition is: Noncompetitive Inhibition If a reversible inhibitor can bind to the enzyme at a site that is distinct from the active site, it is described as a noncompetitive inhibitor. In pure noncompetitive inhibition, the inhibitor binds with equal affinity to the free enzyme and to the enzyme-substrate (ES) complex. The binding is described as shown below: Here Ki is the dissociation constant for either the EI complex or the IES complex. Neither of these complexes can react to form E + P. There are several graphical methods for detecting and analyzing noncompetitive inhibition. The Michaelis-Menten, Lineweaver-Burk, and Hanes-Woolf equations can all be modified to include a term that describes the inhibition by I. Choose one of the cases below to consider each of these in more detail: The Michaelis-Menten equation for noncompetitive inhibition is: The Lineweaver-Burk equation for noncompetitive inhibition is: The Hanes-Woolf equation for noncompetitive inhibition is: Limiting Kinetics of Enzyme-Catalysed Reactions At very low concentrations of substrate many enzyme-catalysed reactions display approximately second-order kinetics, with rate given by the following equation: v = kA [E]0 [A] . . . . . . . in which the symbol kA (or, in general, kR for a reactant R) is the apparent second-order rate constant or specificity constant and [E]0, which may also be written as [E]t or [E]stoich, is the total or stoichiometric concentration of catalytic centres. The rationale for the subscript 0 is that the total enzyme concentration is normally the concentration at the instant of mixing, i.e. at time zero. Conversely, at very high substrate concentrations the same reactions commonly display approximately first-order kinetics (zero-order with respect to substrate): v = k0 [E]0 . in which k0, which may also be written as kcat is the apparent first-order rate constant. Although these limiting types of behaviour are not universally observed, they are more common than Michaelis-Menten kinetics)and provide a basis for classifying inhibitory and other effects independently of the need for Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The quantity k0[E]0 is given the symbol V and the name limiting rate. It is particularly useful when k0 cannot be calculated because the total catalytic-centre concentration is unknown, as in studies of enzymes of unknown purity, sub-unit structure and molecular mass. The symbol Vmax and the names maximum rate and maximum velocity are also in widespread use although under normal circumstances there is no finite substrate concentration at which v = V and hence no maximum in the mathematical sense. The form Vmax is convenient in speech as it avoids the need for a cumbersome distinction between capital V and lower case v. When a true maximum does occur the symbol vmax (not Vmax) and the name maximum rate may be used for the true maximum value of v but care should be taken to avoid confusion with the limiting rate. Enzyme Mechanism: Enzyme kinetic studies,together with the other typeof investigation have led to inside into the way in which enzyme exert their catalytic action.aspects of this are of special interest . This specificityof enzymes is explained in terms of the an elaborating of Fischers â€Å"lock and key†which is concerned with the way in which an enzyme and the substrate fixed together in forming a Enzyme substrate complex and in undergo subsequent rxn . the second aspect is the very high effectiveness of enzyme in comparison with other catalyst. the high effectiveness of catalyst almost always is associate with a low energy of activation for the rxn. in some cases the effect has been attributed to the fact that the enzyme is acting as a bifunctional catalyst, in tha two catalytic group are presentside by side at the active centre. Transition state : When a chemical reaction occurs, the energy content of the reacting molecule or atom increases. This is why most chemical reactions, whether they release heat or absorb heat, happen faster as the temperature is raised. The high-energy state of the reactants is called the transition state. For example, in a bond-breaking reaction, the transition state may be one where the reacting bond, although not completely broken, is vibrating at a frequency high enough that it is equally likely to split apart as to reform. Forming reactants or products results in the loss of energy from the transition state. This principle is shown in Figure 1 , where the increased energy of the transition state is represented as a hill or barrier on the energy diagram. Catalysts reduce the height of the barrier for achieving the transition state. General Catalytic Mechanism Catalysed reaction occur by a wide variety of mechanism.There is however one pattern that applies to a no of single substrate rxns catalysted by surfaces,enzymes, acids and bases. It is useful to consider this schmene of rxn first show as to appreciate the similarities that exist between certain rxn that are catalysted by different type od catalyst. The rxn schme: C + S ↔ X + Y X + W ↔ P + Z Here C represent the catalyst and s is the substrate; X and Y are intermediate , the first of which undergoes a second rxn with a species W to give final product or products P together with the addition substance Z. This scheme shows only the kinetically significance reactions; the substate Y and Z undergo other process that do not have any effect on yhe kinetic behaviour. To simplify the treatment it is assumed that the second rxn does not in the reverse direction ; this can b ensured if the product P is removed as far as it is formed. In surface catalysis X is an adsoption complex, Y and W are non exitance. The const in this case are first order rate const, while is the second order const. In catalysis by acid and base however Y and W play important role. Thus i c is an acid catalyst, rxn 1 involces the transfer of a proton to S,so that Y is the base conjugate to the acid C. In acid catalyst the intermediate X is the protonated substrete SH+ and a rxn 2 is proton is transferred to a species W. The species W therefore has basic properties and it may b molecule of a solvent and a solute. For eg It may be the species Y formed in 1 step . we will see that the kinetic behaviour depends in an important way on wheather the intermediate X transfers its proton to solvent molecule or to a solute molecule. Conversely in base catalyst Y is the acid conjugate to the base C.the intermediate X is the substrate Molecule minus a proton., and in rxn 2 it accepts a proton from W.again we have a solvent molecule or a solute molecule.in some situations a rate with which a intermediate X undergoes rxn 2 may be sufficiently slow that the first rxn may b regarded as being at equilibrium.the exact condition for this is [W][X][Y].since this case corresponds to Arrhenius concept of an intermediate in eq with the reactants, such intermediate have being called Arrhenius intermediates. The converse case is that the condition is [X][Y]the concentration of X is small and the steady state treatment may be appliedto it. Intermediate of this kind have been called Vant Hoff intermediates. If neither of this of this extreme condition applies , the kinetic situation is more complicated , and the appropriate differential eq have to be solved. Only the equolibium and steady-state treatments are considered here. Equilibrium Treatment : Arrhenius intermediates In this case the equation : Applies. However , the concentration of C and S do not correspond necessary to yhe initial concentration [C] and [S]. Since appreciable amount of C and S have been used to form a intermediate X. These initial concentration may be expressed as [C]=[C] + [S] [S]= [S] + [X] As long as attention is confined to initial rates. Eq a become This is quadratic in [X] and can be solve for [X]. Yhen the expression for rate equal to k[X][W] , can be written down. However it os, more useful to consider two special cases. Case 1: if the initial conc of the substrate is much greayer than that of yhe catalyst, that is, if [S][C], it follows that [S] [X] is very close to [S], since [X] cannot exceed [C]. Eq b there fore reduces to : And thus The rate of rxn therefore V=[X][W]= This rate eq correspond toa variation of rate of all type represent .At lower substrate conc , when K[S][Y], the rate become independent of [S], as long as the condition [S]>>[C] holds, however the rate varies linear with [C]. This type of behaviour is characteristic or single-substrate rxn on surfaces and of enzyme rxn. For both of these the species Y and W are nonexistence and eq c become: The eq is also eq to the Michaelis Menten eq for enzyme rxn. This eq usually written Where is the Michaelis const , is equal to 1/k in the present treatment. In rrn catalysed by acid and base it will be seen that the rate remain linear with the substrate concentration ; this is because of the special type of equilibrium that are rapidly established in the sol. Case 2: on the other hand , if the catalyst is greatly in excess of the substrate, that is [C]>>[S] eq a reduces to And the rate of rxn is The rate now varies linearily with the concentration of substrate , but the variation with the catalyst concentration . (b)The rate of reaction as a function of substrate conc for the case in which [S]>>[C] (a) rate of rxn as a function of catalyst concentration for the case[C]>>[S] Steady-state Treatment:Van,t hoff intermediate If the condition [W]>> applies, the concentration of X is small and the steady state treatment is available. The steady-state is substitution of [C] -[X] for [C] and of [S]-[X] for [S} gives since [X] is very small the term in can be neglected ; with its approximation above eq gives the rate is therefore this eq again indicates that at low conc of either catalyst or substrate the rate is proportional to either [C] or [S] ; at a higher concentration of either the rate become independent of that concentration . in catalyst by surface and enzymes , W and Y are nonexistence and the rate eq become An eq of essentially this form was first derived by Briggs and Haldane for enzyme reaction Catalyst By Enzyme Catalysis by enzyme , the biological catalyst , is much more specific than that by acids and bases. soe enzyme shows absolute specificity ; an eg is urease, which only the catalyzed of Urea. A lower degree of specificity is shown by such enzyme as the proteolytic enzymes, which catalyst the hydrolysis of the peptide linkage provided that certain structural condition are specified in the neighbourhood of the linkage.; this is known as group specificity. many enzyme exhibit stereochemical specificity, in that the catalyze the rxn of one stereochemical form and not the other.the proteolytic enzyme.The enzymes are protein but may be associated with non protein substance that essential to the action of enzyme.the action of enzyme shows some resemblance to the catalytic action of acids and bases but is more complicated. the present treatment of enzyme kinetics is confined to the influence concentration, ph, and temperature and to some brief comments about enzymes mechanisms. Measurement of the kinetics of biological systems at elevated temperatures utilizing flow techniques Continuous flow-type reactors have been used to study the kinetics of biological systems for quite some time. For continuous media sterilization, tubular flow reactors are particularly useful being simple in character and easy to control. However, one aspect quite often neglected in sterilization calculations is the residence time distribution of the reactor system. Serious errors in estimating the degree of bacterial destruction can be encountered if the residence time distribution is neglected; especially when a high degree of destruction is desired. This paper reports a study made to characterize and use the residence time distribution of a tubular reactor in the interpretation of high-temperature, short exposure time data for inactivation of Bacillus stearothermophilus spores. Mathematical models accounting for the residence time distribution of the tubular reactor have been proposed and employed to obtain high-temperature death-rate data.[14] Result Since enzymatic reactions are so important to biological chemical reactions, it is of great interest to be able to model them. By use of the study of chemical kinetics, it is possible derive rate equations for the steps involved in an enzymatic reaction. These rate equations are differential equations and can be used to model theconcentrations of each compound in the system. However, this system of differential equations is hard to determine experimentally because of the difficulty of determining the rate equations into theMichaelis-Menten enzyme equation. Many benefits stem from this transition. One benefit is the fact that it is now easy to determine the constants related to the enzyme equations. However, how do we know the Quasi-Steady-State Assumption is valid? It seems reasonable from a physical argument. Byuse of dimensional analysis, we can give a more rigorous mathematical argument for the Quasi-Steady-State Assumption. The Michaelis-Menten enzyme equation is very important i n the study of cellular systems by allowing a model that can be easily derived through experimentation. Summary Enzymes are single or multiple -chain proteins that act as a biological catalysts with the ability to promote specific chemical rxn under the mild condition that prevail in most living organism. All reaction in the body are mediated by enzymes, which are protein catalysis that increase the rate of reaction without being changed in overall process .than properties of catalyst in which Enzyme molecules contain a special pocket called a active site. Than the characterstic of enzymes where enzyme are organic compound produce by living organism. Thus we may define enzyme as organic catalyst produced by a organic cell. Then we studied the Enzyme Kinetics where studied the five equation:1 Michaelis-Menten Kinetics 2.Lineweaver-Burk Kinetics 3. Hanes-Woolf Kinetics 4. Eadie-hofstee 5. Reversible Inhibition.Than we studied the enzyme mechanism where studied two equations theSteady-state Treatment:Van,t hoff intermediate and the Equilibrium Treatment : Arrhenius intermediates.

Servqual Tool in Emirates Airlines

Servqual Tool in Emirates Airlines Servqual Tool The quality of services in emirates airlines: the challenges of continuous improvement Introduction In this paper the concept of quality is discussed to examine its development and applications. Service quality is reflected upon with an elaboration of the seminal SERVQUAL tool in a separate section. The paper also contextualizes customer satisfaction within the overall discussion on quality and business performance. Customer satisfaction and service quality are both also reflected upon to contextualize requirements of the changing times, and the adaptability of these two- inexplicably interconnect pillars of business performance. Quality and customer satisfaction are implicitly linked together in this paper in different sections – they remain linked by their respective definitions upfront. Business performance is an undercurrent to the discussion in this paper given the origins and nature of developments surrounding quality. Customer satisfaction is explicitly a key performance measure but its interconnections with profitability and loyalty are pondered over in trying to ela borate on the concept of market orientation. The paper is divided into four sections- the first one looks at quality in general mapping its development. The second section discusses service quality and its measurement. The third section looks at customer satisfaction and other key variables that shape customer orientation. The last section provides a profile and critique of SERVQUAL. Quality Quality has always concerned the societal intent of consumption. The reasons are fairly colloquial at one level where lack of quality can result in insufficient and unsatisfactory delivery of requirements from a product or service. At another level – given the growing complexity of the business processes over the last century quality has evolved into a discipline – characterized by an equally intertwined interface between control, assurance, and management in general (Dooley, 2006). Broadly speaking in the business context quality is the ‘perception of the ability’ of a product to satisfy its users. By extension it also applies to the processes and management of the processes that shape the product. However, the satisfying paradigm underpinning quality has multiple manifestations: â€Å"conformance†, â€Å"fitness for use†, â€Å"basic minimum requirements vs. attractiveness†, and as a matter of â€Å"interest and individual disposition† to name a few (e.g. Juran, 1945; Pirsig, 1974; Corsby, 1981; Kano, 1984; Reeves and Bednar, 1994). The definition of quality is rather difficult to come by because of the sheer nature of its wide applicability and strands of origin- ranging from the practical business origins to metaphysical origins. The American Society for Quality aptly captures this subjectivity in understanding quality by stating it as †¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"a subjective term for which each person has their own definition† (Wade, 2005; ASQ, 2007). Quality management is made up of two complementary aspects one is quality assurance and the other is quality control. The former is about ensuring a basic minimum standard through upfront production process design. The latter is about reviewing and monitoring output to wean out the ‘defectives’. Assurance is thus inherently preventive and control is mainly curative in a functional sense (Gunter, 1998). Irrespective of the disparate origins, quality management can be safely said to be largely associated with the idea of excellence. A range of concepts and their operationalisation stem from this broader view of quality and mark the growth in research and practice of quality management. Six Sigma, Quality Circles, and Total Quality Management- are but a few from amongst numerous such frames of reference (dti, 2007). The idea of quality at the advent of the century had been around as a selection paradigm- accepting the superior and rejecting the inferior and biased towards ‘control at best’- most of the time the evaluation came from the end user. Along the business value chain as production became large scale after the 1st World War- quality assurance procedures started becoming formalized. It was not only the ‘end of the road’ customer assessment but also a series of filters ensuring only the better quality output being delivered to the customer made control and assurance an important in house practice . The inspection oriented quality control schema had its problems mainly in terms of competent individuals that could ensure monitoring despite not being the ‘know all’ skill set champions. Formalized roles of inspection and quality manager thus emerged and along side assurance models provided a great lift to quality management as a capability. Generic tools for quality management like the control chart emerged in the 1920s and statistical process control matured towards the middle of the century. The revival of the manufacturing of war torn Japan on mature principals of quality control and management finally brought quality management into the forefront. By the end of 1970s it was a global pre-occupation with everyone trying to imitate the success of Japanese low cost and high quality products (dti, 2007; Dooley, 2006). When the word total quality came to the fore in 1970s and finally pinned quality management as a fundamental capability that ran through the organization. The West’s take on quality management was more about ‘standards’ than ‘culturalisation’-but based around the same operational frameworks as in Japan. These gave rise to national standards in response to the need to have a quality association with the national economy as a whole. At the business level quality is now a key management responsibility (Gitlow et al., 1989). Aside from the generalized profile of emergence of quality management above there are a few key landmarks that need to be noted. The first is probably the statistical developments in the 20s and 30s and the emergence of concepts related to probability of acceptance, risk, tolerance levels, and sampling aspects (Shewart, 1931; Dodge and Romig, 1959) establishment of standards and societies also marked the 1930s and 40s (Hutchins, 1995; Dooley, 2006). Industrial production was never under as much pressure as in the II world War. While quality assurance could not keep up with the pressure control came to the forefront to ensure acceptable working products. The maturing of the statistical processes and standards in this regard was a key development. The large scale transmission of these standards to the then military suppliers ensured that the War provided an acceleration to the diffusion of quality management standards and systems (Dooley, 2006; Grant and Lang, 1991). With the end of the war in the formative phase of reconstruction quality was again given a ‘less rushed’ attention. The role of top management, the interface between organisation wide processes, among others found attention. Total quality control came to the fore as a holistic concept with a stage gate approach right from design to delivery to consumer (Fiegenbaum, 1951, 1957, 1961). As mentioned, the post war Japanese revival is a key factor in development of quality management. Over the 1950s and 1960s the ideas of cultaration of quality with pride in workmanship, top management support, liberalized communication and quality circles took hold stemming from Japanese success. The good practice concepts like quality circles emerged as competencies that were tightly woven into the culture of business unique to Japan and required some effort when it came to imitation by the west (Koyangi, 1964; Deming, 1967; Juran, 1967). Quality became integral to organisational behaviour, goals, and associated personnel development. The coining of ‘Total Quality Management’ (TQM), encapsulates this coming of age of quality management as an indispensable competency in the competitive arena that is augmented by increasing customer expectations (Deming, 1986; Anderson et al., 1994; Akers; 1991; Stratton, 1990). The main characteristics-changes and developments though numerous can be safely said to be around making quality: a responsibility for everyone, a necessity rather than a differentiator, relate better to services and information, and ever increasing set of non-manufacturing industries. relate to best practices, dissemination and learning recognized a key function and accordingly resourced in organizations reinforce the primacy of the customer (Green and Welsh, 1988; Marquardt, 1991; Dooley, 2006) As TQM goes from strength to strength the balance between assurance, control, and the new fangled third strand – learning is becoming vital given the dynamic nature and complex requirements that are associated with quality (Green and Welsh, 1988). The standardized tools need to be customized for organisational applications with a sense to create the competitive edge-because the omnipresent paradigm itself is tending to defeat the objective to seeking the competitive edge through quality (Dean and Bowen, 1994). Context specificity or in other customization of model and tools is the call of the day for research and practice alike The generic nature however needs to be preserved in the background given wider economic and societal association of quality management. For instance, as new frontiers like e-commerce open a fertile bed of quality concepts and models will be very valuable for learning and adaptation to the economic and social context (Doty et al., 1993; Dooley, 2006). . However, having an adaptable bed for quality management across diverse industries to draw from is not sufficient. The societal realties have also undergone transition – quality needs to broaden its founding grounds to reflect on new aspects like information management and the virtual realm where quality may have to question its own foundations that are deeply rooted in manufacturing. The successful adaptation to non-manufacturing i.e. services however, is evidence of the emergent nature of quality management that can take on fresh challenges. Service Quality Service quality is a subjective concept that remains challenging to define and to measure (Cronin and Taylor, 1992). This associates itself and can be understood as the application of total quality in the service sector in the main and also implying the service function in frontline delivery of product in other industries. The understanding of service quality has been synthesized from extant literature by Jennifer Rowley (1998). In her work it is seen as a â€Å"perception judgment from a comparison of what they feel service organizations should offer and the performance of the organisation offering the services†. There is no dearth of definitions that try to pack in comprehensiveness to this abstract concept. For instance, Hedvall and Paltschik (1989) refer to ‘willingness and ability to serve’ with a mention of ‘access’, Lehtinen and Lehtinen(1982) view service quality in a three-dimensional space that looks at ‘interactive, physical and corpo rate’ quality facets. Furthermore Gronroos (1984) simplifies the idea by seeing service quality as shaped by ‘technical and functional’ aspects of quality (Rowley ,1988). The link between service and performance and by extension satisfying the customer is challenging because services have a unique combination of characteristics. The first of these combinations is their intangibility- causing issues in measurement as they are a function of the ‘experience’ of the customer. The next is their perish ability –meaning that they cannot delivered from existing stock and thus lending a dynamic nature to service delivery that is difficult to condition. The third is inseparability between production and consumption of service and the last is heterogeneity or customizability as each end user receives a different level-nature of service partly owing to individualized perceptions that are involved in assessment (Zeithaml et al., 1985; Rowley, 1998). The need is thus to work on ‘perceptions’ to assess quality given the cognitive frame of reference that dominates the characteristics of service. The associated requirement is to be able to classify services so as to peg a cognitive frame on a type of service Such an attempt has provided for groupings within the service industry as a starting point to deliver customized measurement models (Dotchin and Oakland, 1994). The influences on consumer expectations have also been classified to augment such efforts (Gronroos,1994) . While the seminal work towards generic developments like SERVQUAL (Parasuram et al., 1988) that is discussed in detail in the last section of this paper, provide founding grounds to service quality measurement- literature sees several issues in the applicability of this generic framework. This also relates to the inclusion exclusion and reconfiguration of the understanding of service attributes and the industry categories discussed before (e.g. Sasser, 1978; Dotchin and Oakland, 1994). A critical perspective on SREVQUAL comes later but upfront – it is of essence is to recognize the importance and complexity in measurement given the sheer abstractness of the idea of service and its quality. The customization of measurement efforts and models in light of different service industry groups has been key to efforts at improving measurement (Dotchin and Oakland, 1994). In SERVQUAL the conceptualization of satisfaction has been found to be too simplistic and the multiplicity of the ‘total experience’ is arguably not captured – this is in addition to the non-customized generic nature of the SREVQUAL tool. A longitudinal and sometimes phenomenological analysis is suggested to capture these nuanced but important characteristics of service quality (Singh, 1991; Rowley, 1994). However, the difficult in devising a comprehensive tool still disposes wider practice of measurement to simplistic methods. Important adjustments and realizations like the use of ‘importance and satisfaction grid’ (Harvey, 1995) provide a very useful feedback and prioritization. For instance, high importance and poor satisfaction is a combination that merits urgent management attention. Another important variable in the service quality metric that needs to be accounted for is the nature of the contract. Again this is because of the attribute of ‘psychological contracts’ that is unique in nature to services (Thornrow, 1998). This has found particular appeal in measurement related to provision of public services. Having formal, informal and psychological components in service contracts provide a platform for balancing expectations and perceptions. These are otherwise very difficult to manage given the basic characteristics of service discussed at the onset of this section. Finally the perceptual plane needs to be also looked at with a balance though by classical definition the perception of the customer is the defining feature of quality-for service quality in particular the perception of the provider and the resultant psychological interface is also key to the metric. The role of customers is also not to be taken uni-dimensionally. There are different st akeholder brackets eg. users, influencers, deciders, approvers that associate with a service category and also vary in their significance (Rowley, 1988). These influence the generic satisfaction and associated performance variable. Given this multiplicity and the psychologically complex nature of interactions, the ‘relationship exchange’ process (Morgan and Hunt, 1994) is key to providing some cognitive stability to overtime service quality measurement. It is also a suitable conduit to ensure that feedback is smoothly translated into strategic action for improvement. Such relationships can be supported by associating service with some ‘bonds’ (Chu and Lin, 2004). For instance, providing unique services, incentives, and even building social ties between provider and customer. However, on the other hand, the impact of such relationships on service quality needs to be moderated for a reliable assessment. They provide grounds for stabilizing the psychological map to better associate performance and expectations but at the same time bias it. Get help with your essay from our expert essay writers Customer Satisfaction Broadly speaking customer satisfaction is a performance indicator of the extent to which a firm has managed to meet customer expectations through its business deliverables. Having formed the foundation of the marketing concept for nearly half a century the attempts at harnessing the good practices and measurement approaches is a much explored realm when it comes to customer satisfaction (e.g. Drucker, 1954; Levitt 1960; Gronroos, 1990). Over the last few years customer satisfaction has received a reinvigorated interest. Possible reasons for this have been seen as the after effects of a maturing TQM paradigm that is linked with several recognition awards, and also, arrival of national customer satisfaction barometers (Garvin, 1991; Johnson et al., 2001; Helgesen, 2006) The associated concept of customer relationship orientation is posits a strong link between customer loyalty and profitability with customer satisfaction (Zeithaml, 1988; Oliver, 1996). While customer loyalty has been referred to as central to ‘competitive advantage’ (Porter, 1985; Chao, et al., 2007)- this is delivered through customer -satisfaction. This is the basic rationalization behind customer satisfaction being so central to both short term and long term performance assessment. That the ‘ultimate aim of any firm is to achieve customer satisfaction’ remains the central thesis of market orientation (Levitt, 1960). Customer orientation seeks to align â€Å"organizational values, beliefs, assumptions and premises† to deliver a mutually enabling relationship between the customer and the firm (Day, 1994; Strong and Harris, 2004). Strong and Harris ( 2004), define a set of tactics that can deliver customer orientation. They define three sets of tactics. The first define relational tactics (essentially relationship marketing) that engages a nurturing philosophy for long run gains. The second tactic as human resource tactic is more about the direct interface with frontline of the customer and rest of the organisation –essentially empowering the front line through training and support to reap rewards of realized quality of experience of the customer. The final tactic relates to procedural aspects that routinise and systemize customer care and support systems. The study posits that there is a strong interaction and dependency between the three tactics. This key work that examines customer satisfaction and its manifestations under the customer orientation paradigm shares ground with some key extant literature (Narver and Slater, 1990) However, other studies tend to put one set of such aspects – though differently labeled as more important than the others. For instance, Chao et al. (2007) say that while satisfaction remains an abstract idea sometime there is an overt component of interpersonal relationship building that because of over emphasis- instead of complementing customer orientation tends wean resources away from conditioning deliverables to meet consumer expectations. Research suggests that such a lopsided drive is ill-found in the long run While relationship marketing remains important it has to be pegged on consumer satisfaction from products and services for sustainability (Chao et al., 2007). Businesses need to focus attention on relationship building. This however has to be conditioned for long run profitability. Customer satisfaction through meeting expectations from goods, transaction services and pure services, and a sustained follow up and support culture has to be the basis for relationship building. For instance, financial incentives/offers are likely to be ineffective and short lived if quality is undermined. As most of the research in customer orientation gets focused on relationship building this is an important consideration to use as a moderator. Value to the customer can never be undermined for seeking short term profitability. This is because such profitability is not suitably tied in with satisfaction which in turn guides customer loyalty. Views to the contrary also exist mainly from some practitioners. Bruce Clapp (2007) of the Carlson marketing group says that â€Å"relationship strength is more important than satisfaction as a true indicator of loyalty. Customizing the experience of our customers, in-branch and in home, impacts the strength of relationship as it builds. In the experience, ensuring our message is relevant requires that we be closer to our customer. The communication we use, whether direct mail, e-mail or in person, must be tailored to the needs of the customer at an individual level. The term mass customization has gained ground as we look for ways to become partners with our customers and be there when they have a financial need†¦changing the perception about communication from irrelevant to relevant†¦.mattered † (Bruce Clapp in ABA Bank Marketing, 2007) The above text signifies another important side to the changing times that of information and its quality as a deliverable that has become a key product attribute. Relationship management that works to harness this may improve the quality perception of its product without making changes to the product itself. The result is then improved customer satisfaction. The level of abstraction in the idea of ‘satisfaction’ and the changing times with an information overload -have created shadow characteristics for products and services. The idea of ‘value’ is ever more a backdoor into customer satisfaction. Customer orientation in the milieu of discussed tactics that include relationship management and the intertwining of satisfaction, loyalty and profitability is a complex arena. It is thus not strange to see that the core variable – customer satisfaction that inhabits the arena is often found missing from hundreds of studies that explore business performance (Capon, et al., 1990 –review of 320 empirical studies). The inter-linkages are so strong that even controlling for the satisfaction part (if a suitable measurement was deployed) tends to capture most of the variation in most cases. Given that studies seek to look at different sets of variables for instance, in say, production management exclusively – they understandably steer clear of satisfaction measurement and inclusion – resulting in poor significance and scope of such studies. Studies which do involve the customer factor in examining performance have more significance in results but have their own issues. These are to do with industry specific nuances where the interaction between customer satisfaction, loyalty and profitability vary a great deal (e.g. Reichheld and Sasser, 1990; Soderlund and Vilgon, 1995; Page et al., 1996). Accounting for the differences in methods and measurements the issue remains that the customer orientation metric is also industry specific. Though it is omnipresent and universally central to business goals the way it manifests itself is what may vary across business types. For instance, the rate at which profitability increases with loyalty and conversely loyalty increases with satisfaction may vary (Helgesen, 2006). In the days when customer was not inundated with choices -the notion of satisfaction was relatively stable despite its metaphysical connotations. As the number of choices has gone up so is the fickleness of satisfaction. Satisfaction can thus no longer be the guiding tenet for loyalty. The relationship perspective has thus become very important – and as argued above is widely contested in terms of how important? To the extent that it takes away resources from developing the arguably ‘real’ good or service it is overdone. However the ‘value’ it brings in terms of influencing consumer selection in an ambiguous setting of multiple satisfying options remains critical. The issue is that of a balance without a quality good or service to back up the relationship promise failure is imminent. However without being able to retain customers or attract them to quality products and services as there is always a ‘better’ out there investments in the â €˜real’ good or service is also low yielding. The challenge of customer satisfaction as the key variable in consumer orientation is to condition itself to the changing notion of ‘value’ that is now integral to information flows in every consumer-provider interaction. This conditioning should take into account the factors that affect loyalty and profitability because a knock on effect on these is very likely. Finally, there is also industry specificity to consider to an extent but to a lower extent- the times have not changed enough to question the centrality of consumer satisfaction- they are just placing new demands on it. Servqual The recognition of the importance of customer -‘assessment and perception of the quality’ of service has led to the emergence of concept behind SERVQUAL, and its delivery as a tool. This was primarily through the work of Parasuraman, Berry and Zeithmal (1985, 1988, and 1991). The development is a good example of research being driven by the interests of the industry and in the process delivering an instrument of direct utility to the industry. In this section SERVQUAL is reflected upon with a view to explain its foundations, ponder over- the developments, posited advantages and critiques, and in the process, provide a holistic perspective on this key development in service quality management. The basic concept behind SERVQUAL works on a ‘gap’ between the expected and perceived quality of service. The nuances on how this gap has been dealt with in this model –instrument, issues surrounding subjectivity, reliability and validity, and applicability across industries, have provided for generous discussion and developments over the last two decades. The customer view based on a set of questions is primary and the only view that matters in assessing this gap. The original ten dimensions that comprised SERVQUAL namely: reliability, competence, access, responsiveness, courtesy, communication, credibility, security, understanding customer and tangibles – were eventually synthesised into five. These dimensions were based around the following areas: â€Å"(1) tangibles: physical facilities and personnel presentation; (2) reliability: performing the promised service dependably and accurately; (3) responsiveness: helping customers and providing prompt servi ce; (4) assurance: knowledge and courtesy of employees and their ability to inspire trust and performance; and (5) empathy: caring, individualised attention the firm gives to its customers† (Parasuraman et al., 1988, 1991; Shahin, 2007). These provided for a rationalisation for 22 questions for customers to generate the gap metrics. These questions have since been pondered upon to reflect on the possibility of supplementary questions. Attempts have also been to tailor the instrument to work around reliability, validity and customisability issues. The last implies to the discussions in literature relating to the issues surrounding the generic nature of the instrument, and the need for reflecting on it given the range of applicability to a wide spectrum of industries (e.g. Buttle, 1996; Sullivan Estyes, 2006; Nyeck et al., 2002). SERVQUAL is popular in both the profit and non-profit sector (arguably more so in the latter) primarily due to the generic yet very useful nature of the investigative questions to a range of industries. It has the hallmarks of a good instrument – in being low on time consumption, easy to use and though argued recognised by practitioners to have acceptable reliability and validity. The comparable aspect for benchmarking reasons is also of great appeal (e.g. Brysland and Curry, 1984). It can provide a useful progress chart if done over successive years both for self assessment against set goals and comparative assessment to feedback into objectives and planning. Francis Buttle’s critique of Servqual (1996) provides some key shortcomings. The first one has to do with the subjectivity of expectations and perceptions. The second relates to the assumption the model makes about a â€Å"direct relationship† between service and quality- a perception that shares ground with the ‘gap model’ discussed later in this paper. The final rather philosphical but valid point is related to subjectivity and asks one to reflect on whether the right things are being measured for the desired assessment (Buttle, 1996). Luis Lages and Fernandes (2005) get metaphysical and question the â€Å"level of abstraction† associated with respondent customers. The posited Service Personal Values (SERPVAL) scale to refkect this presents three dimensions of service value to â€Å"peaceful life, social recognition, and social integration†(Luis et al., 2005) . In this scheme of things as a possbile supplement to SERVQUAL – customer staisfaction relates to all dimensions and loyalty and repurcahse intentions are the attributes than can be distilled from the assessment (Kang et al., 2002). The validity position that has been contested in research also stems from the assumption in SERVQUAL as being generalizable across industries and products. Such research posits that some of the areas/dimensions outlined above may have higher or lower position given the nature of the industry or product, and by extension suggests requirement for some customisation in applying the tool. The attempts to make SERVQUAL more robust and improve its application are ongoing. This also indicates the utility of the instrument’s design as a time tested foundation for service quality measurement (e.g. Carman; 1990, Cronin et al, 1992; Brian et al, 2000). Illustrated below is a template of the SERVQUAL instrument Figure 1: The SERVQUAL Instrument DIRECTIONS: This survey deals with your opinions of __________ services. Please show the extent to which you think firms offering _________ services should possess the features described by each statement. Do this by picking one of the seven numbers next to each statement. If you strongly agree that these firms should posses a feature, circle the number 7. If you strongly disagree that these firms should possess a feature, circle 1. If your feelings are not strong, circle one of the numbers in the middle. There are no right or wrong answers – all we are interested in is a number that best shows your expectations about the firms offering ________ services. E1.They should have up-to-date equipment. E2.Their physical facilities should be visually appealing. E3.Their employees should be well dressed and appear neat. E4.The appearance of the physical facilities of these firms should be in keeping with the type of services provided. E5.When these firms promise to do something by a certain time, they should do so. E6.When customers have problems, these firms should be sympathetic and reassuring. E7.These firms should be dependable E8.They should provide their services at the time they promise to do so. E9.They should keep their records accurately. E10.They shouldn’t be expected to tell customers exactly when services will be performed. E11.It is not realistic for customers to expect prompt service from employees of these firms. E12.Their employees don’t always have to be willing to help customers. E13.It is okay if they are too busy to respond to customer requests promptly. E14.Customers should be able to trust employees of these firms. E15.Customers should be able to feel safe in their transactions wi

The Key to the Protection Against Tyranny in the American Constitution

Tyranny riddles many forms of government, such as oligarchy, absolute monarchy, dictatorship, autocracy, and totalitarianism. In May of 1787, delegates to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia gathered to create a stronger central government -- while avoiding the tyranny that so many other forms of government had allowed for. James Madison, of one those very same delegates, defined tyranny as â€Å"The accumulation of all powers...in the same hands, whether of one, a few, or many...† in Federalist Paper #47. The key to the protection against tyranny in the American Constitution was the way in which power was divided. The Constitution guarded against tyranny by making provisions for federalism, the separation of powers, checks and balances of power, and fairly equal congressional power. In the Constitution, central and state governments received power that was shared and split in a federalist system, preventing tyranny of one over the other. Madison put forward his idea of federalism in Federalist Paper #51. â€Å"...the power surrendered by the people is first divided between two distinct governments...The different governments will each control each other, at the same time each will be controlled by itself† (Doc. A). A Venn diagram derived from the Constitution shows that the central government controlled national affairs such as war, foreign trade, and foreign relations, and states controlled internal affairs such as establishing public services and regulating in-state businesses. The shared powers included taxes, loans, and laws. Despite Madison’s bias towards the federalist system (rarely does one truly attack one’s own political treatise within it) in his quote, the apportioning of powers shows that neither the central or st... ...ny of a branch by setting controls on each branch set by the other branches. Fairly equalizing representation in Congress protected the power of small states overall while preserving that of larger states. However, the framers may have mistakenly given the power to prevent tyranny to the government, not the people. The framers crafted a delicate system, but one that focused on creating strong inter-governmental relations. Since the first Constitution was drafted, power slowly began shifting to the national government. If the branches wished to control more, it would not matter if they controlled each other because they would all move together. The focus on creating a government as far away as possible from despotic in a group of white, mostly wealthy, and educated landowners may have prevented the creation of the sort of tyranny-free system the people wished for.

John Locke Essays -- Empiricists, Empiricism

John Locke believes that man ought to have more freedom in political society than John Stuart Mill does. John Locke's The Second Treatise of Government and John Stuart Mill's On Liberty are influential and potent literary works which while outlining the conceptual framework of each thinkers ideal state present two divergent visions of the very nature of man and his freedom. John Locke and John Stuart Mill have different views regarding how much freedom man ought to have in political society because they have different views regarding man's basic potential for inherently good or evil behavior, as well as the ends or purpose of political societies. In order to examine how each thinker views man and the freedom he ought to have in political society it is necessary to define freedom or liberty from each philosophers perspective. In The Second Treatise of Government, John Locke states his belief that all men exist in "a state of perfect freedom to order their actions and dispose of t heir possessions and person as they think fit, within the bounds of the law of nature, without asking leave or depending upon the will of any other man. " (Locke 4) Locke believes that man exists in a state of nature and thus exists in a state of uncontrollable liberty which has only the law of nature to restrict it, which is reason. (Locke 5) However Locke does state that man does not have the license to destroy himself or any other creature in his possession unless a legitimate purpose requires it. Locke emphasizes the ability and opportunity to own and profit from property as being necessary to be free. In On Liberty John Stuart Mill defines liberty in relation to three spheres; each successive sphere progressively encompasses and defines more elements relating to political society. The first sphere consists of the individuals "inward domain of consciousness; demanding liberty of conscious in the most comprehensive sense; liberty of thought and feeling; absolute freedom of opinion and sentiment on all subjects, practical or speculative, scientific, moral, or theological." (Mill 13) The second sphere of Mill's definition encompasses the general freedoms which allow an individual to freely peruse a "...life to suit our own character; of doing as we like..." (Mill 13). Mill also states that these freedoms must not be interfered with by "fellow crea... ...ave left an indelible mark on the concept of freedom in political societies. John Locke favours greater freedom for man in political society than does John Stuart Mill does. Their beliefs regarding the nature of man and the purpose of the state are bound to their respective views regarding freedom because one position perpetuates and demands a conclusion regarding another. Locke system for dealing with man freedom and all other related matters severely limits the role of state to strictly guaranteeing individual freedom. This is the best method of preventing the perversion and abuse of the role and power of the state. Locke views simply stem from his faith in man and his potential to succeed independently, which collectively promotes the prosperity of the state. Mill does not implicitly trust or distrust man and therefore does not explicitly limit freedom, in fact he does define freedom in very liberal terms, however he does leave the potential for unlimited intervention into the personal freedoms of the individual by the state. This nullifies any freedoms or rights individuals are said to have because they subject to the whims and fancy of the state. from: ksampson@mustang.uwo.ca