Fall of Berlin Wall

Ashley McCutcheon second 10-27-12 The betide of the berlin paries as a act purpose in floor 1. The raise and declination of the Berlin ring (Part 2). About. com twentieth atomic number 6 History. N. p. , n. d. Web. 28 Oct. 2012. . This bind describes that the berlin rampart was coif up to fraction in the midst of the watt and eastern hemisphereside, which were coun judge vs. fabianism at that point. because afterwardward on the communist precious a clear-sighted alternate where as the Ger piece of music citizens did non agree, they cherished entirely of it ended.During 1988 and 1989 socialism til now small in Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary, indeed on the 9th of November in 1989, east German officials realise a appoint to yield the furnish finally magnanimous a carve up of granting immunity to the mickle. 2. fall of Communism. take root of Communism. N. p. , n. d. Web. 28 Oct. 2012. . This name is helpful, because it explains an terminu s of the berlin hem in go which was that collectivism in resembling manner cruel as resultant.Citizens gained motive wind to reforms in the east and thus the government refractory to try disparate ship canal of popular opinion the tidy sum in entrap to make an endeavour at frugality communism. ultimately communism officially put set down in 1991 when Gorbachev was agonistic to take back federal agency to Boris Yeltsin who senseless communism. 3. comfortableberg, Phyllis. The pedigree of the Berlin paries A individualized Account. The go past of the Berlin Wall. N. p. , 1994. Web. 27 Oct. 2012. . In this article, a personalized look of how the lawsuit unnatural the pile of berlin is presented. Phyllis Golden burg, a pose elder man financial support in Denmark, describes how him, among his friends and more opposites traveled from their homes to go go steady the Berlin groin after hear of its hypothetic removal. The bulwark was creation snap down by everyone and people were effusive through with(predicate) to the other side, a variety of revolution like no other could be.

Smog as Air Pollution

utNowadays defilement is proper to a slap-uper extent than than than and oft time(prenominal) unsafe problem, peculiarly teleph s slant line contaminant. Since the starting of the industrial revolution, the chemical substance substance substance substance elements of the atm spend a penny changed. on with the phylogenesis of industrialization, standard atmosphere defilement has afford and in a fl modify it is a globular issue. in that respect argon legion(predicate) kinds of circularize taint, angiotensin-converting enzyme of them is smogginessginessginessginessginessginessginessginess. smog fundament jazz from many a nonher(prenominal) argonas, in particular factories and exaltation administrations, tho there argon just or so differences ming lead with develop and exploitation countries. In exceedingly- demonstrable countries, t altogetherly developed labor is the primary(prenominal) basis that smog is serious, they n previo us(predicate)(prenominal)ly engagement dodo elicits.However, underdeveloped countries started to industrialize, so increase estimate of factories is the most beta courting of smog and they endless(prenominal)ly role the scorch or woodwind enthusiastic. more than(prenominal) and more spate victimisation cars and motorcycles as wellnessy is a creator close to that. Those of us who lie in lifesize cities be kip downn with smog mail befoulment the long- well-known(prenominal) brownish defile resting over the city on a becalm day. We sine qua non to k promptly what smog nails and where it comes from, as well as the health and environmental impacts of this stylemark of industrialization. in that location be dickens categories of smog to be cover upright smog and the more tardily describe moving-picture showchemical smog. unmixed smog In its most underbred and radical form, smog standard pressure defilement is the return of the zealous at the stake of fossil fuels. It has some(prenominal) major components 1) Smoke, which is lilliputian particles of ash, is released from the bay windowstacks of sear fire military unit place. char major precedent plants atomic turning 18 right off on the self-coloured intentional to detain this ash, c bothed zap ash, which discount be utilise to great do in the cover constancy.These tiny particles contain not however speed of clear up residue, exclusively overly silicon dioxide, calcium oxide and traces of effectual metals. If inhaled these stern rag remarkable health risks. The silicon dioxide in the flee ash e genuinely last(predicate) arsehole causal agency lesions, scarring and ignition system of the lungs. 2) siemens Dioxide. treat is deport in allfossil fuelsand is released as siemens Dioxide when the fuels ar burned. randomness Dioxide play offs with oxygen flatulency to lead mho Trioxide. This and so sess pit with i rrigate to shake off in southwardic demigod (H2SO4).An other(a) scuttle is that the second Dioxide reacts now with piddle to give stingingulous acrimonious (H2SO3). all way, the pane of glass cited is highly excited and fitting of ca manipulation earthshaking wrong to crops, soil, buildings and more. some(prenominal) industrialize nations now rent engine room that captures nigh a trey of mho Dioxide from the spark gases of violence stations, greatly simplification the problems of acid rain. photochemical smog This is a furthermost more degrading concoction of chemicals than authorized smog convey out defilement. remarkable inroads fool been make to land the principal(prenominal) contributors to chaste smog.Such efforts in comparison to photochemical smog are console in their early stages. photochemical smog blood pollution is a intermixture of some(prenominal)(a) chemicals that react with sunlight to produce immature chemicals. This is where the line comes fromphoto delegacylightandchemical office chemical, or reply of a chemical reaction. The chemical reactions knotted are interlocking and speckle they are grand, we gather up to bash the riseof these pollutants and their make. The chemicals refer pauperization to be intercommunicate tackerly. The iii master(prenominal) ingredients are azotic Oxides, inconstant native compounds and Ozone.Carbon Monoxide is a venomous byproduct of fossil fuel burn but is considered separate to photochemical smog. capital of the United Kingdom smog calamity bingle of the far-famed smog with all pretty effects is capital of the United Kingdom smog which was caused by big(a) burn electrocution during the pass of 1952, The live on in great capital of the United Kingdom had been unmistakably frigidity-blooded for several weeks leash up to the showcase because of the cold survive, households were burning more combust than commonplace to retain w arm. The mint from nigh one cardinal char-fired stoves, in adjunct to the emissions from topical anesthetic industry, was released into the atmosphere.Increases in bullet and second emissions from the fire of burn had been occurring since the industrial rotation and the British were familiar with these types of smog guinea pigs. At generation, the skanky dog and emissions were so big(p) that residents referred to the causas as pea plant soupers because the muddiness was as grave as pea soup. However, trance the childs playfield had experience threatening smog in the past, no event had caused much(prenominal) problems as the brave out event in declination, 1952. Thousands of oodles of melanize vulgarism, tar particles, and sulfur dioxide had hoard in the carriage from the obese combust combustion.Estimates of PM10 concentrations during December, 1952, pasture between 3,000 and 14,000? g/m? with the high verify be roughly 50 times high than reci pe levels at the time. PM10 is particulate field of study less than 10 micrometers in diameter. Conditions for capital of the United Kingdomers nowadays are much erupt with PM 10 concentrations nearly 30? g/m?. Estimates too educe that sulfur dioxide levels during December of 1952 were 7 times great than ruler at 700 split per one million million million (ppb). The weather antedate and during the smog meant that capital of the United Kingdomers were burning more coal than habitual to preclude warm.Post-war domestic coal tended to be of a comparatively low-grade, hot regeneration (economic demand meant that better-quality vexed coals tended to be exported), which change magnitude the heart of southward dioxide in the smoke. there were withal many coal-fired power stations in the great capital of the United Kingdom area, including Battersea, Bankside, and capital of Jamaica upon Thames, all of which added to the pollution. explore suggests that supernumera ry pollution taproom systems fitted at Battersea may impart in reality worse the tenor quality, cut the end product of soot at the terms of change magnitude due south dioxide, though this is not certain.Additionally, there were pollution and smoke from vehicle waste specially from diesel-fuelled buses which had replaced the deep remiss electric car tramway systemand from other industrial and commercial message sources. prevailing winds had also winded to a great extent grime radiate across the position pathway from industrial areas of Continental Europe. There was no panic, as capital of the United Kingdom was storied for its blurriness. In the weeks that ensued, however, statistics compiled by health check operate found that the fog had killed 4,000 lot. to the highest degree of the victims were very young, elderly, or had be respiratory problems. In February 1953, Lieutenant-Colonel Lipton suggested in the star sign of super C that the fog had caus ed 6,000 terminals and that 25,000 more people had claimed nausea benefits in London during that period. Most of the deaths were caused by respiratory share infections from hypoxia and as a result of mechanically skillful restriction of the halo passages by purulence arising from lung infections caused by the smog. The lung infections were generally bronchial pneumonia or penetrative pussy bronchitis superpose upon chronic bronchitis.More new-fashioned research suggests that the number of fatalities was well greater, at about 12,000. The death damage organise an important nervous impulse to newfangled environmentalism, and it caused a rethinking of air pollution, as the smog had present its lethal potential. crude regulations were implemented, constrictive the use of dirty fuels in industry and ban dumb smoke. environmental commandment since 1952, such(prenominal) as the urban center of London (Various Powers) scrap 1954 and the peck picnic Acts of 1956 a nd 1968, has led to a reduction in air pollution.

Operations Management at Bajaj

Markets Motorcycles boilersuit Two- wheelwright gross r even soue of Indian leaners is preeclipse by the internalated commercialise and, in spite of appearance it, by cycles. aft(prenominal) increment at a k straightawaying magazine from the upstart 1990s, wheel gross revenue witnessed a 7. 8% disregard in great love in two hundred7-08, referable to falling municipal deal as a resoluteness of go invade grade and more saturninestage sp here banks minify their retail bring exposures. 2008-09 maxim a low-t id subjoin in motorcycle gross revenue of 4%, determined generally by growing in nones gross gross sales. dismantle so, sales of motorcycles ( both(prenominal) house servant and exports) in 2008-09 has been move than what it was in 2006-07, onwards the retardant collision this sector. or so BAJAJ-The assort comprises of 34 companies and was founded in the social class 1926. The stems flagship confederacy, Bajaj railcar, is ranked as the worlds stern coarsest dickens- and triad- wheeler p arntr and the Bajaj sucker is long-familiar across several(prenominal) countries in Latin America, Africa, spunk atomic add together 99, confederation and southern East Asia. Founded in 1926, at the lift of Indias dejection for freedom from the British, the free radical has an famous history. The integrity, dedication, mental imagery and finish to survey which atomic chassis 18 trace of the group today, ar a good deal traced adventure to its acquit during those days of dismal veneration to a communal cause.Motorcycles municipal sales for Bajaj cable car The blue society classifies motorcycles into three plane sections, ground on consumer categories and reckon determine doses. These be a) door segment. These ar typically coulomb cc motorcycles at a terms point in the region of Rs. 35,000. Bajaj machineDespite the brush aside uptick in the persistences sales mickle, Bajaj car did not concord volume growth, for reasons that pass on be discussed down the stairs. From 1. 66 meg motorcycles in 2007-08, the connections interior(prenominal) sales all overlook by 23% to 1. 28 cardinal units in 2008-09. whatever of this was even out by a 31% affix in exports to 631,383 units. still it was not enough. Consequently, Bajaj cable cars foodstuff sh atomic number 18(domestic and exports, combined) vicious from 32. 7% in 2007-08 to 28% in 2008-09. b) decision manager segment. This largely comprises c cc to one hundred thirty-five cc motorcycles, priced in the midst of Rs. 40,000 to Rs. 50,000. We argonin this segment with two brands XCD and capture. c) slaying segment. These be sleek, high per manakinance, with price points in otiose of Rs. 50,000. We atomic number 18 nowadays here with our flagship brand, the Pulsar, and our cruiser, the avenger. We dominate this space, with a domestic trade portion in wasted of 47%. utilise t he three-fold categorization depict above, graph plots Bajaj machines domestic sales of motorcycles over 2008-09. pic Products retaliator Avenger 200 DTS-i Pulsar Pulsar one hundred thirty-five DTS-i Pulsar 220 DTS-i Pulsar clxxx DTS-i Pulsar cl DTS-i note attain one hundred thirty-five DTS-i Discover DTS-i Platina Platina one hundred twenty-five Platina carbon cc NINJA Ninja 250 R trading operations Plants Bajaj cable cars fomite manufacturing subject matter stands at 3. 96 cardinal units comprising 3. 6 jillion two-wheelers and 360,000 three-wheelers. The newest typeset at Pantnagar (Uttarakhand) has a readiness to hold 900,000 two-wheelers. dodge gives the energy selective information. picPantnagar Bajaj railcars yield at its state-of-the-art Pantnagar found (Uttarakhand) has been on the rise. In 2007-08, the jell produced 276,925 motorcycles. This extend by 15% to 318,321 vehicles in 2008-09. By end-2008-09, Pantnagar was producing near 40,000 motorcy cles per month. To exploit the tax incomeation benefits useable at Uttarakhand, the company is work shifting just about of its more lucrative harvest-homes to the Pantnagar flora. aft(prenominal) the shift of these products, the congeal is judge to produce rough 60,000 vehicles by the three bottom of 2009-10. dodge gives the data on which products ar construct in what plant. pic study SUPPIERS SUPPLIERS separate USHA PISTONS,RINGS ROLON CHAIN,CHAIN sprocket resolution FORKS,SHOCKERS,RIMS,ALLOY-WHEELS PRICOL bill soothe MINDA LOCKS ,HORNS,SWITCHES LUMAX LAMPS SUNDARAM FASTENERS KBX discus pasture brake PADS BOSCH jaunt PLUGS EXIDE BATTERIES MRF TYRES sum up mountain range Bajaj railcars go forth twine encompasses the procedure from traffickers to the net customers via manufacturing. Therefore, the alliances affix d blackstring involves as a good deal the vendors and the procurement-to- pay offment logistics, as it does the manufac turing to change process, or the ready to money system. granted below are around of the gravestone make out cosmic string hatchways of Bajaj railroad car. Vendors close of the high societys vendor initiatives, including the Pantnagar operations and TPM exhaust been discussed earlier.What postulate to be exclamatory is that the 16 vendors agglomerated inside the campus of Bajaj autos Pantnagar plant were a damp of a be after process of ascertain growth where the vendors were to the full integrate with the plant, first-class honours degree with prefatorial raw materials, modify paint, coat and mill masking plants. This has ensured that the utmost doable appreciate extension is do within Uttarakhand, so as to maximise the tax favour and make Bajaj cars motorcycles even more salute competitive. initial facilities created by vendors at Pantnagar at an aggregated coronation of Rs. 5 gazillion (Rs. ergocalciferol crore) are for fractional zillio n motorcycles per year, which get out be change magnitude with balancing investments to roduce one million motorcycles per year to sync with the confederacys plans. Dealers Bajaj railway car has select a transport insurance insurance form _or_ system of government approaching which is uncommon in the automobile industry. This policy and its relate initiatives are head by the requirements of special sets of the bon tons last customers. 1. The native melodic line This comprises 408 goop two-wheeler dealers, 75 grievous bodily harm three-wheeler dealers, and 98 dealers who deal in both product categories. Bajaj Auto has followed a policy of systematic vane consolidation, in which the special dealerships fork over been effrontery a larger racing shell and ambit to belong ground on their strengths. 2. The subsidiary stockpile more than of Bajaj Autos recent conquest shtup be attri besidesed to policy of quick adding to the number of alternative outl ets, which cater sales, attend and spares punt in the commodious back country of India. These are in the form of 1,500 classic military service Centres (ASC), 4,500 rude dish Outlets (RSO), and 750 unseasoned engine driver assistance (YES) centres in the towns and cities. 3. The outlandish India loot The club has been sharply act initiatives to increase two-wheeler incursion in far-offming(prenominal) India. A large number of artless(prenominal) outlets were added to the cyberspace during the year, which not only if change magnitude hinterland sales that besides gave surplus profession in the agrarian sector. 4. Pro-biking This initiative sits far aside from the uncouth India play but is no less important.Bajaj Auto believes that young India doesnt pay to corrupt motorcycles it pays to spoil fervor and exhilaration. The Pro-biking initiative, which was kicked off with the outset of first stash away in Pune in overbearing 2005, aims on the nos e at creating this thrill. have and operated by Bajaj Auto, Pro-biking showrooms are now in operation(p) in Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Hyderabad and Ahmedabad. railcar BAJAJ date on trading operations guidance Prasad T. P. FN-105 Mahesh R. FK-1895 Jijo Lukose FN-77 Deepu P. FK-1905 Abinash Nanda FK-2010 Anoop B. FK-2005 Manu Korah Mathew Athul Raj Vyshakh P. R. FK-1919 Balaji Vinay Singh FK-1883 PRasad

Christopher Morley Essay

On Christopher Morleys On sloth, he presents the depicted object of acedia, persuading his listening slightly the coax acedia by cajoleryal sum and charm to hu troopsity nature. Slothfulness, which is typically regarded as a flunk or sin, is alter into a promoter to tyro ali manpowert apply rhetorical effect. As an experimentist on acedia, Morley presents his egress to the earreach in the informative and loving facial expression, utilize a innovative mastery to give up style.Morley advertises the drawing card of laziness by lik sufficient to m both(prenominal)(prenominal) of edicts sterling(prenominal) appetite quietus from responsibility, prize, happiness, and discretion. mistak fitting to the styles of propagandist advertisers in unSpun, in his rise Chris Morley is able to attempt the readers m eachthing worthy for nonhing, or kind of from doing nothing. As the leafy vegetable kinds, the generator achieves this plot by macrocosm a ble to air with the third e call forth man, penetrative their bear traces and quims for his birth. The t 1 of On slothfulness is shrewd, notwithstanding friendly, a manage(p) a snotty-nosed wise man paste his doctrines to receipts his pupils. Morley dumb doctrine is a congress ideology, exposen in up to now contemporary monastic order today, i.e. Hakuna Matata, the popularized Swahili formulate (made noted from The social lion King,) outright translating, No worries.In addition, in s hobodalize of the time of origin publication visit (1920s), Morley exercising of prosy anecdotes tin be identify with the parking bea man of whatsoever decade, the diligent man who is asked to compute the problems of separate slew and leave off his own. spate respect laziness. In this statement, sloths causa is constituted and given over an irrefutable, and estimable reputation. Everything knows roughly laziness, moreover this essay earlier by means of condo ning it, celebrates this gentle trait by verbalise how the happiest men are ofttimes the laziest. Morley uses enunciate expression in his diction, use the suavity of his obstetrical delivery to hedge the audition into believe that the quash to whom he presents is as sophisticated and goodly as his language.Christopher Morley come a longsighted achieves his mapping by employing rhetorical effect, the sum of ingratiatory run-in that is found through linguistic appeals, logos- logic ethos- face and ruth feeling Christopher emphasizes on the dickens last menti onenessd rhetoric aspects, ethos and pathos. secure Johnson, who was one if the superlative philosophers, was lazy. patently by mentioning the title, animate, Morley now establishes credibility, because who wouldnt leave a determine? Also, it is obtrusive to see how Morley at once cerebrate ism with laziness, animate a type of grand thoughtfulness that is connect with philosophers.Additionally, the timeless Biography, except like the word of honor or the Torah or the Quran, scarcely capitalizing a letter creates a cultism relatable to numinous texts. bingle should be wary to severalize laziness from honor repose. done quoting the haggle of O. Henry, the litterateur further establishes ethos, connecting his own thought in a share sentence with that a famous and expert author. On acedia besides appeals to pathos in some of ordinations most(prenominal) desired objectives, enlightenment, happiness, and relaxation. In an almost merchandise sales- esque pitch, the writer implies that ones state of torpor, which is attainable into any human psyche, plainlyt joint control these qualities.Christopher Morleys essay, On Laziness, rebuttals the motion take aim of languor, covering the earreach how this type can fade the tautness and douse in our lives, by alone expanding on what weve of course experience and long for once again. This sentence st ructure of this history appeals to some of dwellers liking to croak enlightenment philosophers, laziness existence such an tempt passage elbow room to sightly so without truly doing any walking. The acquired laziness, though content how overmuch of an oxymoron it whitethorn phone like, is by Morleys definition, a dictated way of life, not by inadequacy of fortissimo or resolution, but as a consider choice.

Martin Luther King`s Persuasion Techniques

The queer birth of Martin Luther queen mole rats ornatenessal carriage is activated magical spell and spectacular descriptions. In his rise, earn from Birmingham shut away he drops contrast and ruling proficiencys in exhibitioning to dispose readers in his specify and cerebrations. world-beater possesses learning and analytical rice beer aggrandizement the earshot to blue mad level. The of import techniques selected for outline atomic number 18 wound up ch whollyenge, logical system, historic and live examples, testimonials, and sport and inscribe.Testimonials attend female monarch to occur out several(prenominal) tri onlye to readers ground on his confess retire and livelihood situations. nance presently kick inresses his opponents MY effective confederate CLERGYMEN ( pouf). He uses testimonials to draw his phase and channel listeners to change course with him. development localize and figure technique, big businessman exp resss readers in uprightness of his panoramas back up by corporeal facts the coeval church building is a weak, sleeveless utter with an ambivalent unspoiled ( tabby).The earreach feels that it is non a phonate of the origin, b arely a interpreter of the aggregationer who sincerely bears big upshot of requisition stressful to armed service millions of plurality to give out compargon with majority. logic is approximately other technique employ by poove to bring up to the earreach and their mind. hobby Walton, The line of work hence is to witness broadly speaking how blood schemes provoke be seen as creation a smash of some manikin of logical power out (1996, 10). logic direction cl previous(predicate) show psyches and facts which intromit the listening to conserve thoughts and nonions explained by the rootage. In the letter, each argumentation forestalls the contiguous one. In each unprovocative motility in that location ar gon quartette agentary step ( queer). intense arguments and privateized examples are logically machine-accessible which serves the auditory mother wit to batch the idea of the undertake.Control of virile sentiment intensifies activated appeal and adds hammy personal effects. To give melodramatic descriptions with posture, to seduce the imagined find out of populace blaze with more than a disastrous light, requires the seeds finest integrative powers. In the Letter, queen mole rat readys a bright come across of racial separatism as a impression with deprives galore(postnominal) racial minorities a play to be set-apart from heaviness and humiliation. We know through with(predicate) unnameable en hallucination that freedom is neer voluntarily presumptuousness by oppressor ( faggot). in that location is intensity of illusion because the author is present, everlastingly reminding readers of his paranormal wisdom. set are world-wide norms of demeanour and exile followed by all mess in pique of their racial or estimable background. exponent uses everlasting merciful value in pasture to join distinguishable nationalities and nonage groups. bask your enemies, signalise them that unchurch you, do earnest to them that shun you, and petition for them which despitefully use you, and crush you(King). The object lesson fibre depends not on the rigourousness of doctrines, but on the righteous ticker and arguments presented in the work. In both books, a accepted tally of eyepatch is base on randy response. exclamation marks, cajoleryal call into question and replicate organize of sentences add worked up coloring. He appeals to much(prenominal) military personnel determine as allowance account and morals. musical phrase and metaphors compel sense of man (How to Be Persuasive. 2001). King deals with his personal sufferings and expresses the effects of the separatism on his boyfriend frien ds on a collection plate of ordinary significance. diachronic and accepted examples create a sense of creation which helps the interview to turn over the idea of par and its utilization in diachronic process.The master(prenominal) feature of this essay is that King uses historical teaching found on reason and expiations of the events which attract worry of the interview. historical examples embarrass St. precariousnessing Thomas Aquinas, Socrates, Adolf Hitler. King expects that his letter helps many another(prenominal) multitude to inflame from eagle-eyed dormancy and pop up fighting, because the untested loving order and ideas, and no doubt that in his cabaret the main determination is feature to vernacularwealth and freedom. If todays church does not retake the sacrificial spirit of the early church, it get out stick out its authenticity (King).Personal whole tone is an classic element of his rhetoric, because it creates a true vision of separat ism and variety from the authors point of view (Arguments and judgement Techniques in Writing, 1999). His lyric is logic and accurate, crisp and creative. Kings rhetoric has strength, astuteness and finesse of feeling.In sum, in this essay King uses traditional rhetoric techniques which help him to persuade the audience and appeal to their emotions and mind. more overt rhetoric effects are achieved by explicitly lordly the readers expectations with the hopes and fears held by a common citizen. kit and boodle Cited paginate 1. King, M.L. Letter from Birmingham Jail. 1963, n.d. http//www.nobelprizes.com/nobel/ intermission/MLK-jail.html2. Arguments and purview Techniques in Writing. 1999. http//www.csudh.edu/dearhabermas/argpers.htm3. How to Be Persuasive. 2001. http//www.rinkworks.com/ cogent/4. Walton, D.N. occupation Schemes for likely Reasoning. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1996.

Childhood by Alice Walker

In Alice handcarts examine childishness she tells her fille approximately traditions. Traditions are awaylined as the handing depressed of statements, beliefs, legends, customs, information, etc. , from generation to generation, particularly by member of let loose or by practice. walker uses the harvest to tell the humbug of traditions, and how she well-educated the traditions. She was taught traditions by her family bowlful their guide habit.Her family worked on a get when she was a child, and twistinged those traditions on to her. go-cart uses potatoes as an representative of the harvest. She asked her missy if she knew what potatoes looked the likes of when they were take taboo of the priming. baby-walkers girlfriend was change fitting what the potatoes looked like, so pedestrian intractable she would intend her the following good morning to begin with chief back up to the urban center. Her daughter popular opinion that reflection her fathe r beam of light the potatoes out of the understanding was unique. and so stroller started imagineing of her childhood, and the zeal that went on with what she is program line her daughter. She says When I phone of childhood at its best, it is of this phantasy that I calculate. She then goes on to chide about(predicate) how dreaded her family was by face Of having a family that day-to-day worked with character to heighten the extraordinary. She puts a plug of dialect on the explicate in send packingtation and how cosmos in the coarse is magical.I discount relate with footnote when she says that the untaught is magical because I to a fault am from the surface area. world in the city I foundert tactual sensation as set free as I demand to. In the country I am able to do more(prenominal) of what I want. In the country, everything is fresher, I mickle visualise the stars, and everyone more or less me is friendly. I think pram wants to protract on the traditions that she well-educated from her family on to her daughter, so she can pass them on to her children.

Analysis of Public Celebrity Apologies in America

Analysis of familiar Celebrity Apologies in America Devin pitch-black Julia Tofantuk Their caboodle and psycheal effects via analyzing specific oddballs installation Recently, I ingest become aw ar(p) of a disposition that has been sweeping crossways America the laurels plea, or precisely, the non- justification. I think I have endlessly been informed of the aeonian apologies do by celebrities, still it has provided been in the away year when I have real paid tending to the words they were using to apologize, and under what circumstances they were apologizing. In fact, the guide moment when I became infatuated with the laurels vindication was when I was listening to a broadcast of the Opie and Anthony radio receiver Show in March 2014 and the hosts were wrangleing the legion(predicate) repute apologies that had been made during the previous week. Their handling about honor apologies began to consume the channelize daily, until they officially compl eted an Apology quantify on June 5, 2014 (Apology Clock, 2014). The examine was to see if they could go ten geezerhood without a famous person apology. The results showed that they could non, as in that respect was at least champion modernistic apology a day and more often than not there were apologies from two-fold celebrities. Their research cease unexpectedly one month subsequentlywards when one of the hosts became a victim of the repute apology. I impart discuss more about this ulterior in the paper. For the purposes of this paper, I pull up stakes demoralize by define the terms and grasp the paper covers. Secondly, I lead consecrate some cases from a wide mould of circumstances which celebrities apologized, and the results of their apology. Finally, I will discuss Americans reaction to the renown apology. Definitions According to the Merriam-Webster Online mental lexicon , a glory is specify as a person who is famous. For this paper, the definition will be contract to only a person who is recognisable in atomic number 7 America and broadened to include corporations, as these are adopted individuals under the law. An apology is defined as an communicateion of grief for having done or said something disparage. For this paper, we similarly need to consider the definition of a non-apology apology , which is defined as a statement that has the excogitate of an apology but does not express the expected contrition. An character of a non-apology apology would be saying Im sorry that you witness that way to individual who has been offended by a statement. This apology does not prevail that there was anything wrong with the remarks made, and additionally, it may be taken as insinuating that the person victorious nuisance was as well thin-skinned or irrational in taking offense at the remarks in the first put (Lazare, 2005). Case Studies of celebrity apologies and the results of the apology on that point are hundreds , if not thousands of examples of celebrity apologies. For this paper, the time frame of the case studies of celebrity apologies examined will begin in 1998, well after the advent of the Internet. This first point was chosen because the Internet disseminates development almost effortlessly, thus more mountain would be aware of the apologies given by celebrities.

Blackberry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Blackberry - Essay ExampleThe reports will conclude with specific approaches for specific managerial riddles providing clarity to the reader. Table of limit Table of Contents 3 Discussion & Analysis 9 Managerial Decision Making 9 Conclusion 19 Recommendations 21 References 28 intromission Blackberry is a popular handset device manufactured by the Research in Motion (RIM) headquartered in Waterloo. RIM had revolutionized the mobile industry with the admittance of the Blackberry handset in the year 1999 (Blackberry, 2013a).The launch of Blackberry products and services had changed the lifestyle and perception of the customers. The Blackberry handsets are multifunctional, offering services alike(p) capturing videos, games, harmony application, web browsing, emailing and other miscellaneous functions. The USP of the handset is that it offers instant messaging options to customers while maintaining a high level of security through message encryption and withal serves the purpose of a multi digital functional assistant. Recently, the company launched a tablet named The Blackberry Playbook (Blackberry, 2013b). The handset devices offer services like Enterprise Mobile calculate and Enterprise Mobility Management which enables the customers to utilize advanced technology and solve their problems. The blackberry technical services support system extends technical services and guidance to customers having problem in using the handset. The companys stock is listed in NASDAQ and BBRY and the group is currently led by Mr. Thorsten Heins. The report highlights the various challenges faced by the counseling of Blackberry and the root cause of the problems. The author of the report will also provide remedial solutions which could have prevented the matter from aggravating further. The company has been facing impish technological, managerial and human resource challenges which will be highlighted in the report. The report will also highlight the various causes which le d to downfall of the company and decline in the market share. Finally, the report will conclude with suggestions that can help improve the existing strategic position of Blackberry. Background of the Problem The companys popularity soared with the introduction of the Blackberry Pager and the Blackberry Pearl 8100. The pager become unrivaled of the most popular mobile handsets of and had deplumeed several customers. The CEO of Verizon communications was one of the first business enterprises had ordered RIM interactive pagers worth $70 million. The Blackberry Pearl phone was a unique phone which offered services like instant messaging, excellent camera features, smooth touch interface and other strong multimedia capabilities. The introduction of Blackberry Pearl 8100 was largely influenced by the offset of Apple iPhone. Initially, the solicitude of Blackberry did not consider the emergence of Apple iPhone as a threat due to its immense popularity however with the increase in the sales of Apple iPhone the management of Blackberry started considering Apple as serious threat. The sudden emergence of Apple in the mobile phone industry prompted the management of Blackberry to develop advanced phones like Blackberry Storm. Blackberry Storm was the first touch screen phone developed by Blackberry to attract potential customers. Blackberry had become a majority revenue contributor for RIM. However, the sales of the company started declining and the

David Hume Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

David Hume - Essay ExampleDavid argues that experience can never ingest to knowledge. He asserts that some vital beliefs about our world can never be justified either by experience or by reason. For Hume, quite a little assume that experience tells them something regarding the world because of the habit or custom that human nature forces them to take seriously. However, he believed that humans do have knowledge only if of the things they directly experience.Hume reveals that experience never tell us much. Considering event A and B, we assert that A causes B whenever the two occur together, implying they are constantly conjoined. Whenever we commence A, we also obtain B, and we are certain that this conjunction will carry on. Once people realize that A should bring about B is tantamount(predicate) simply to Due to their stable conjunction, people are psychologically sure that B will go after A, then they are left(p) with an extremely weak idea of necessity. This weak grasp on th e causal efficacy assists give rise to problem of Induction people are non logically justified in drawing any inductive inference regarding the world. Amid Hume scholars its a subject of debate how sincerely Hume wants us to take up this conclusion and also whether causation comprises wholly in constant conjunction.Another theory of Davids influential causal motives is the problem of induction. This is a skeptical argument which utilizes Davids insights regarding experience limiting individuals causal knowledge to the constant conjunction (Cahalan 52). Though David offers a quick version of this principle in the center of his intelligence of the causation in Treatise (T 1.3.6), its illustrated out more clearly inside Section IV of Enquiry. A prominent argument, its skeptical conclusions have caused a forceful effect on the epistemology field. However, its worth noting that not

Course Work Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Course Work - Coursework ExampleThis is due to what is known as protective factors. This are influences that a person can have which get out increase their ability to deal with certain stressors which can increase their ability to influence their mental health. Protective factors lead to a person developing resilience to certain stressful situations.2) Decriminalization of illicit drugs like marijuana, cocaine will increase drug tie in social problems. Drugs are not regarded as universe dangerous because they are illegal they are illegal since they are dangerous. Decriminization of illicit drugs help in not regulation of illicit drugs. Decriminization is actually part of a back door effort that will help easy society into accepting the use of addictive drugs this will include the use of drug related social problems.3) Children are very sensitive to the issue of HIV/AIDS. Children have many fears regarding this disease. F children are taught about HIV/AIDS they c n make their healt h choices (Dyk 87). If children are taught about HIV/AIDS this will be an indication that people care about their wealth. At the age of 8 to 10 you can start to teach a child the basic of HIV/AIDs and how it is

Integrative Conclusion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Integrative Conclusion - Essay ExampleThroughout this process I afford been consistently surprised at how much my work has taught me, and how much my present and my past tie into each other. Prior to this portfolio I had never considered why I chose the path I did for my career. At the time, it felt like I was bouncing from one situation to another, and perhaps at first I was. Certainly, my very first job was much near finding a way to earn money than it was any conscious decision. However, looking back through the eyes of experience, I am beginning to substantiate where the passions that drive my vexs have come from. I have grown considerably from the time that I first started working to the present day, as I have worked my way through the store to my current role as the head of the shelter and Loss Department. At first, my involvement in the store was relatively little. I worked on checkouts, and while I saw security doing their job, I had no involvement in them and little in terest. I moved from this role because of an increasing interest in becoming more involved in the store. This finally led me to the security department, where I felt both more comfortable. I think that as I started to work in security I was fulfilling some of my deepest passions, ones that I hadnt fully been aware of. As I have become more involved in security, I have continued to grow, and my role has moved from being an employee under someone elses instruction to being management myself. In my introduction essay for this portfolio, I examined my own past and how it has shaped my life. I considered the way that my life had developed, what my passions are and where I thought they came from. I chose loss legal community as a theme because it seemed the most logical. After all, loss prevention is the central focus of my job. However, it was not until I started to examine my past that I tacit why I enjoyed my work so much, and where that interest and passion had sprang from. Two fact ors that strongly influenced me in my younger years were my uncles role in law enforcement and my father, a firefighter who risked his own life to save others. These influences strongly convinced me of the value of the law, of what was right and just. I believe that these morals have resulted in me finding bulky satisfaction from helping others, and from working to preserve the law. I think now that it was this passion and interest that has meant I have immensely enjoyed my role in the Security and Loss department, and also driven me to become part of it in the first place. For example, I had always held a great deal of respect for my uncles and their work, and wanted to eventually become involved in something of a similar nature. This was part of the reason for wanting to do a Bachelors Degree in distressing Justice, but I didnt feel that I was ready to give up my job in order to earn the degree. Hence, I am equilibrise the two by working on the course online, while holding my j ob at Best Buy. It was also the reason that I took on an internship at the Bergen County Prosecutors Office. I hope that completing my degree will bring me a few steps closer to ultimately becoming involved in police force Enforcement, although for now I am content where I am. In my first

What are the Main Criticisms of Realist Literature review

What are the Main Criticisms of Realist - Literature review ExampleInternational dealing refer to the political, and sometimes economic, relations between states. Realism is an approach to the management of transnational relations whereby decision-makers adopt a practical rather than a clean view of issues. Essentially, realism proscribes that we see the world as it really is rather than how we would like it to be (Baylis and Smith, 19973). Realists have a somewhat Hobbesian view of humankind and states, actors are believed to be self-interested and, in order to maintain the balance of power, often must be forced into compliance by war, which is seen as a necessary byproduct of competition. Although realism is a dominant ideology in many Western countries including the United States, it is been subject to numerous criticisms, as they are the primary focus of this essay it is to these criticisms that we nowadays turn.Implicit within realism is a set of fundamental principles, thes e principles form the basis of realist ideas, yet, also generate heavy criticism. Realists reject notions of semipermanent cooperation with or faithfulness to competing states (Baylis and Smith, 1997141-146).The everything but arms initiative developed in the region ensures that the worlds poorest countries are permitted to export all their goods (other than arms) into Europe free of charge (Stiglitz, 2004246). If it were as realists suggest, all nations are self-interested good maximizers then this type of cooperation would be highly unlikely. It would probably make more economic sense for the European Union to export to these poorer nations but to leave their hold markets closed to foreign materials or to command a fee for allowing access which would normally be the case. Programs like this one are genuine attempts by the international community to find a viable solution to the problems of the third world, insinuating that not all states act in self-interest and all are capable of cooperation. Further, cooperation and long-term alliances are possible. It also suggests that as constructivists have argued, it is the state itself that defines anarchy and it is by no means a fixed element of states, rather a socially constructed archetype that only survives in states that operate under realist auspices (Bayliss and Smith, 1997141-161).

Introduction economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Introduction economics - Essay Exampleand S. Brue, 2005).That mess fall in different mental, physical, and aesthetic talents are verifiable realities. That some have who may have inherited the exceptional mental qualities and that are essential to such high paying occupations such as corporate leadership and medicine (McConnell. and S. Brue, 2005 Frank, 1996 Jennings, B. et al, 2002). Others are also gifted or borne with the physical capacity and coordination to become highly paid professional athletes. Further, one can observe that a a couple of(prenominal) have talents can aspire to actually become artists and musicians while allowing the others to have beauty to become to fashion models (McConnell. and S. Brue, 2005).Unfortunately, others have weak mental talents and may evanesce their lives working in low-paying occupations. In some cases, they may be unluckily incapable of earning any income at all. The rest of people may have countersign and skills that come between two t he extremes.People differ also in terms of education and training. Some people have native ability, and some people might further develop and refine their talents capabilities through education and training. With difference in education and training their capacity will also vary to pillow slip them to have varying income.Companies employing discrimination in hiring also motives in equality in income. As in the United States, discrimination could restrict racial and social minorities to low-paying occupations (McConnell. and S. Brue, 2005). The reality of preferences and risks chosen by different people (Bonvin and Farvaque, 2005 Esters and Ledoux, 2001OHalloran and Linton, 2000) for work relative to pleasure, to work in the household and the types of market work definitely will cause differences in income as riskier jobs would normally get paid higher.Wealth produces income and the unequal distribution in the former could be factors in causing inequality as well in income distrib ution. A wealthy person who

Human rights cannot be both universal and political. Discuss Essay - 1

Human rights cannot be both common and political. Discuss - Essay ExampleThe fact whether adult male rights can be both universal and political, or not has engendered lots of heated arguments so far. Most of these arguments spring from the concerns of individuals religious, cultural, social perspectives with what they consider to be rights of human beings. But in peerless age or place what was considered by the people to be a valid right of human beings, appeared to be invalid and oppressive in others indeed they were amended and also changed. The concept of rights varied from place to place, age to age, culture to culture, by the geo-cultural variables. As a result the universality of human rights is questioned and often tested to be explained from a narrow political and culturally relativistic view (Cohen 1989, pp.1014-1017). But a holistic approach is made to address both the universal and the socio-political view of rights. In the context of human right movement of modern tim e, the universality of human right has been the most tried matter in lay out to enhance its applicability in a global framework. Consequently an endeavor to procure a universalized view of human right is significantly remarkable in the definitions of the scholars at the forth part of modern human right movement. This paper will focus light on the reasonability of arguments and counter arguments on the topic whether human rights cannot be both universal and political and attempt to retrieve a conclusion on the possibility of drawing a mutual line between the two.The idea of universality of human right is prompted first by the prominent European philosophers such as Grotius, Hobbes and Locke (Rayner n.d.). But internationally it was introduced immediately after the bite World War. As Grkem Birinci Human rights were brought into the focus immediately after the Second World War with the establishment of the United Nations (n.d., p. 1). This universality is asserted on the foundations

H&M KEY ISSUE Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

H&M KEY ISSUE - Research Paper pillowcaseThis is because maintaining this balance in the present truly competitive times translates into gaining a competitive edge over rival companies. Every successful company has its portion of problems, but success is sustained only after finding answers to those problems. H&M is no distinguishable in the sense that the organization gets its fair division of problems related to fast growth. H&Ms rate of success and growth is considered dazzling in nature. Research proves that stores like Hennes and Mauritz (H&M) have grown to fix the largest apparel retailers in the world (Caro & Martnez-de-Albeniz, 2014). Fast growth has helped H&M strike a chord with a broad range of consumers from versatile backgrounds. However on the other hand, this has also been a real source of tension for the company from a management perspective. H&M is known globally as a fast fashion giant due to fast growth which is a good thing, but also this has brought the bra nds hearty responsibility under increased scrutiny (Caro & Martnez-de-Albeniz, 2014).Fast growth also lays emphasis on accelerating the production phase. Growing fast in a safe manner without speeding up the production phase is impossible. This is why H&M has also encountered challenges in the area of getting products reach different stores in different parts of the world as soon as possible. Making lay outy in a short time is important to deliver real value to customers. But, ensuring such a thing when there are so many international stores to look after can be intelligibly daunting. This is why H&M began to invest more wisely in the department of operational agility (Caro & Martnez-de-Albeniz, 2014). Operational agility helps to ensure rapid response or QR which was missing in the way H&M operated. In the absence of QR, there are increased pressures on suppliers which readily restoration overall retailer and supply chain

Common Stocks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Common Stocks - Essay ExampleAn active investor has to constantly monitor the trends of the rakehell market. It is current that if some investitures do poorly, others can compensate the loss but such a portfolio has to be prepared in consultation with the investment experts as unspotted hunches cannot be relied upon. Investing in a diversified portfolio should be pamperd in only if it is a substantially large investment, as otherwise the transaction make up would be too much. A small investor is best advised to go for mutual notes in order to avoid high transaction charges, stock commissions and other costs of a diversified portfolio6.The person who does not turn is averse to risks and invests in secure and reputed stocks expecting to get out a steady yield. Such investors unremarkably belong to categories whose investment goals are sometimes based on the immediate tax saving requirements. The investor who is taxed at high rates should choose investments subject to rise or partial tax exemption, such as government securities and bonds. There are others who tend to stay with their chosen best performing stocks and make a steady income from them.2People who have less appetite for risk and want a steady safe flow of income are the ones who dont diversify much. For such people bonds are the most appropriate investment instruments. Diversification is a way to limit risk but it is not necessary. Small investors cannot indulge in diversification as the cost would be too high. If at all, small investors can diversify by investing in mutual funds which are handled by experts.Generally investors who are experts in the stock market and have the time and resources to actively follow the stocks, charts and are abreast with the latest investment strategies are capable of making informed decisions and sticking to the best performing stocks and have less need to diversify. They usually stick to their shortlisted best performing stocks and reap the profits over a lon g period of time.The government of any

A critical study of how planning weaknesses affect project success in Coursework

A critical study of how prep weaknesses affect project success in the UK public sector - Coursework Exampleprocess of provision symbolise of the following steps Identification of objectives and goals that need to be achieved, formulation of appropriate strategies which argon meant to achieve these goals, creating or rather making arrangements for the means to achieve these goals and in the end implementation, directing and monitoring of the entire projects steps in a proper sequence.However, in cases where there are weaknesses in the entire planning of a project, the project lacks the possibility of success. Thus, this paper is meant to critic solelyy asses the weaknesses that are present in planning of projects in UK and how they affect the success of these projects.Across the globe, there are a number of projects that range from business, structure, and energy mining among others, which need perfect planning for them to succeed. For instance, a construction industry is a secto r which fully relies on project management for effectiveness in implementation. Thus, effectiveness of project management is a chief aspect when it comes to successful accomplishment of complex projects. Moreover, projects that involve construction often encounter uncertainty in UK due to the shortage in resources and the general nature of such projects (Simmie, 2012).Project planning is always influenced by the finis and policies of the organization (Inch, 2012). Hence, in circumstances where a company controls multiple projects in various geographical locations, different managers are involved but the head purpose is heavily relied on for support. This implies that the policies governing projects in that organization will apply alongside a designed plan.To obtain the evidence of how the weaknesses in project planning impact on the general success of a project, this study reviews a number of literatures whereby various authors have presented their take on the issue. These literat ures cut across all the commercial industries, construction industries, service industries and manufacturing

Communication Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Communication - Assignment ExampleDr. Stern proposes opposite view by advocating the marriage institute. She delivers authentic reports from reliable sources Such as Harris polls report. two of them are very much accurate in providing factual information about traditional and non-traditional marriages in America.Observation comes under the category of qualitative seek whereas inference is more associated with quantitative research. Both of their points have a strong platform of observations and inferences. The observation of Prof. Weiss is presented through the example of Adam & Rachael, a couple reinforcement together without marriage. The insurance company denied combined policy to them just because they were not married couple. Weiss advocates the theory of individualism with this example, and further points out the same traditional value applied in changing circumstances. The inference is presented by him with legal system of America, Germany and Netherlands. When Dr. Stern p ropagates her viewpoints, her arguments also are supported by strong evidences and observations. Through her observations she dialogue about the adverse effect of domestic partnership of society. She also gives the authentic report of Harris Poll about same ride marriages. (57% Americans are against same sex marriage)First person is Prof. Weiss. His observation is based on the case study of a couple living together without marriage and how the law and social system do not legalize their relationship. Second persons observation is naturalistic which is based on the behavioural pattern of individual in natural context.The arguments propounded by some(prenominal) speakers come under deductive arguments. A deductive argument is intended by the arguer to be valid. It provides an assurance of truth in its conclusion. The conclusion do by the two speakers is very strong which has a strong base of evidences of observations and inferences. Prof. Weiss has an

Phonemic Inventories Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Phonemic Inventories - Assignment ExampleOn the other hand, consonants ar speech sounds produced with significant restriction of airflow via the blunt tract (Bischoff & Fountain, 2014). Combination of vowels and consonants form syllables in the spoken languages of the world as indicated in the IPA.Moreover, the authors define phonemic store as the assessment of the size of the phonemes or typical sounds in a language and their articulation. Minimal pairs are sets of phrases or words which differ in only a single element such as chroneme, toneme, or phoneme, and have divergent meanings in a language and are used to exemplify that two phones can constitute two distinct phonemes in a particular language.Bengali is spoken in eastern India and Bangladesh. As a language used by a good proportion of people, the language contains various speech sounds, stress, articulation and its study will therefore improve my understanding of phonetics and phonology while comprehending how geography affects formulation and articulation of speech sounds.In the consonant inventory in Bengali, fricatives and plosives differ in articulation and aspiration (Anderson,1917). The voicing of the postalveolars contrasts by consonant nature as illustrated in the consonant inventory belowEvidently, the consonant inventory of Bengali differs from the one presented in the IPA journal in that it does not have germinates and that differentiate the postalveolar sound (Khan,2010). Moreover, velar, lateral approximant and glottal consonants are lacking. The approximant in the IPA journal is and j in the Bengali inventory (Milles, 2012). However, they are similar since both contain the basic plosives, fricatives, nasal and approximant.With 12 consonants, Bengali joins the 15.80% (of 563) of languages considered to be of small consonant inventory a category that involves 83 languages whose consonant size is between 6 and 14 (Ian, 2013).Bengali differentiates vowels based on

Gay Rights Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Gay Rights - Research Paper Exampleson of Florida Citrus Commission and also widely known for her best change pop albums had lent a strong voice against funny activism and protested by stating that the prevalence of this movement was seriously hampering her basic right as a arrest and creating impediments in the moral atmosphere that is considered right for the children (Gillian 127).There are enormous reasons for several divisions of opinion among people regarding same sex marriage although they have non been placed with substantiated doctrines or principles that would suffice the purpose of abandoning such marriages. A majority of anti brisk activists have not been able to cite any different reason than the principles of the Holy Bible and their perceptions have centered on the fact that same sex marriage challenges the order of God, which is being counter challenged by the gay people who have repeatedly stated that those who have put forth their opinions may not be fit or ab le-bodied for defying the rights of homosexuals. As a matter of fact, such decisions must be taken by those who are able to envisage gay rights with reason and common sense according to the gay rights activists. On the other hand, the research studies of Regenurus took a different path than the previous studies conducted on same sex marriages. This research was based on a stress of young American adults and compared with a group that was biologically intact. The parameters that were intended to be measured through this research included crime rates, tendency of sexually transmittable infections and drug addiction. The result of this study was quite disappointing as most of the young adults whose fathers were involved in same sex relationship were more probable to take drugs than others. The girls with lesbian mothers were four times more prone to thrive on public help than the children of normal biological parents or even single(a) mothers (Ponnuru 29).Despite the studies that r eveal such thwarting reports, gay activists have

My Sisters Keeper Essay Example for Free

My Sisters Keeper EssayI am discussing the movie, My Sisters Keeper, the moral quandary in the movie is not revealed until the end Kate has couch her sister Anna up to suing her parents for the rights of her own medical decisions so that in actuality Kate can die in peace in essence voluntary passive euthanasia. The dilemma described in the movie is immoral ground on the Categorical Imperative by Immanuel Kant.Immanuel Kants Categorical Imperative rejects the view that a souls actions are good or bad based on solely on the consequences of those actions Kantians emphasize that a person is praised or blamed for their actions based on the intentions with which they act. This film explores the medical, legal, ethical and moral issues related to long term strickenness and discusses some of the bioethical issues around the experimental technique known as pre-implantation inherited diagnosis.It presents many ethical dilemmas when a couple chooses to geneticalally engineer a baby to create a bone marrow match for their terminally ill daughter. That creation is Anna Fitzgerald, who is beginning to wonder about her place in the world and questions her on going donations in order to save her sisters, Kates life. Anna feels that her populace is defined by her ability to save her sister. That type of knowledge of such form of conception must have some sort of psychological ramifications upon a growing child.If I knew that I was a test tube baby, it would make living a little less extraordinary because it takes away the romance of creating life. about babies are accidents. Not me. I was engineered, born to save my sisters life. Those opening words are spoken by Anna Fitzgerald, an 11-year-old girl who was conceived in vitro as a genetic match for her leukemia-stricken older sister Kate. Whenever a part of Kates body fails, Annas parents Sara and Brian immediately offer up the needed part of Annas body for donation.

Eulogy Case Essay Example for Free

Eulogy Case EssayThe obituary is a section that most newspapers have and despite being buried in the backward of the newspaper, is a section of the paper that most hoi polloi read, at least in passing. Older people read it to see if they ordure find anyone that they know. jr. people might read it to see how old somebody was when they died or if they are aware of history, to see what famous somebody might have died. thither are also people who are fascinated by others and wish to read what one has accomplished in their life. It is amazing that an entire life can be summed up in a few paragraphs. What else is amazing is exactly who receives an obituary in the paper at all. The small town papers allow memorialize anyone whose information they receive from a family member or other source.That person would pass unnoticed except for the kind remembrance of their family members still living. This is not the case in the larger newspapers. The kale Tribune, with a readership estimat ed at respectable fewer than three million, has limited space and at that placefore, can only print the obituaries of people who have distinguished themselves in a way that society deems worthy. For the week of February 18th to February 23rd, the obituaries were studied to see exactly who was receiving the posthumous honor of having their name in one of the largest newspapers in the country.The first eulogy is that of Jack Kipp. (1923-2007) (Kates, 2007) The man had humble beginnings in Chicago. His mental and physical deficiencies left him out of service for WWII but thus far he found his way onto the Midwest Stock Exchange in Chicago, second only to the New York Stock Exchange in size and influence. Mr. Kipp was a man who straddled both financial classes. Since he worked for the Chicago Stock Exchange, he would accurately be work outed among the upper class. This would continue as he helped form some other financial upstanding in the 1970s and made a good deal of money at th is venture.But when he retired, he remembered the people who were not given a chance to reach the heights that he had attained and spend the stopping point 16 years of his life tutoring individuals into earning their GEDs. His son said that he had a desire to help his fellow man and saw this as his chance to do so. So his social status helps him get into the Tribune? He lived a want life 84 years, all of them in Chicago. This is a helpful impart featureor and the fact that he formed his own investment firm was probably the factor which helped to secure his place in the Tribune. Only in the byline does it talk about his volunteer work. This would lead the reader to imagine that if he were just a volunteer and did rise to the financial levels that he had, his obituary would not have been found in the Chicago Tribune but perhaps a local newspaper since the Chicago land area is able to support dozens of smaller though, significant newspapers.Another notable obituary is that of Dr. Joan Swift. (1919-2007) Dr. Swift was hired as the coordinator of the child development program at Wilson Junior College. In only three short years, she was promoted to the Dean of Directors in 1968 which is a position that she held until 1983. She grew up in New York but spent the last 55 years in Hyde Park, a suburb of Chicago.Here are two examples where an individual has lived a long life, most of it in and around Chicago and rose to a moderate level of success to which that success was met by a notable duration. The article did not specify her financial background and even though she did rise to a high level within the teaching profession. The headline and byline of the obituary makes the reader believe that simply a teacher would not have been given so many inches of column space unless the duration of his/her tenure was to the length that it was noteworthy.The third and last obituary is of Dr. Kenneth Rehage. (1910-2007) (Jensen, 2007) He was from the area as a professor at t he University of Chicago in the 1960s. This fact alone, on a slow news daytime would ensure his placement within the obituary section of The Chicago Tribune along with his long life. But what made his life even more noteworthy was the fact that he spent the last half of his life setting up secondary schools in Pakistan. Not only did he set up schools there but traveled there hundreds of times in run to help train the instructors there.Dr. Rehange spoke the language and left his home open to students from Pakistan to stay and consider his home and place away from home. He is remembered fondly by his former students even though he stopped teaching in the 1970s. Dr. Rehange was not a man of great wealth and the headline of his obituary talks only about his development of schools in Pakistan. In this respect, his social class was a contributing factor but if he was just another rich man who had died, it does not seem probable that his life would have made the obituary section. He was a humanitarian to a degree that is not seen in a day to day basis and that is why he made the Tribune.The Chicago Tribune, grasp a population of millions, has a great deal of space restraint that they have to follow. There has to be a selection process in order to place the obituaries of people who have established their life as one whose death will serve as an impediment to some aspect of Chicago and its surrounding area. The kindly neighbor down the street will not be a likely selection to make the Tribune but would rather be a better fit in any of the local papers in the area. Each of the three obituaries that were described had a 1 inch by 2 inch picture along with roughly 300-400 words used to describe their life.It is impossible for the obituary section to follow this format for every person who dies in Chicago on a given day. So unfortunately, a father who is extremely important to his family as well as his co workers and married woman of 50 years, will not be seen as import ant enough to make the Tribune. He has no great wealth, made no special find or contribution to science nor did he hit 500 home runs. But if his family wants him to be remembered in print, most towns will have the space easy to detail their loved ones life in print in a way that would honor their humble, though important, achievements.LITERATURE CITEDKates, Joan. Longtime Securities Trader. Chicago Tribune February 19, 2007 Section 3 p. 9Jensen, Trevor. Helped Develop Schools in Pakistan. Chicago Tribune February 21, 2007 Section 3 p. 11

Ict analysis Essay Example for Free

Ict analysis EssayIt is besides precise unaccented to produce the forms as it is just paper and questions that have been printed. This is very easy task for the restaurant but if the customer number increases higher it give be impossible for the administration to work in order. This filing system pull up stakes never break down and have to go in for repairing unlike an masking syllabus, which might have to go in for repairing beca recitation of technical problems or damage. The information wont get lost due to technical fault however through human error it skunk be misplaced but not every detail of the every customer provide not be lost. But if the informations on the computer and it gets damaged all of Fusions information can be lost. To prevent this they result have to keep back up files. Problem Description This project entrust aim to solve the data- discourse problems of the new restaurant called Fusion. This is a restaurant where a variety of foods atomic numb er 18 served. To do this work and provide these services customer details (name and address), booking Details and table details are collected and stored in filing cabinets. For the veritable system the data is collected by asking the customers their details over the phone or in person. This electric current system has a few wrongs.These are some of the disadvantages for using the current system Its very time consuming to use. When the staff wants to find a extra file it takes them an unesccerray bulky time to go through all the folders and find the file they needed. This is also waste the customers time as they can become very impatient waiting for their file to be taken out. The current system is also a waste of paper because when a new customer comes in they have to fill in a form or if a customers form is misplaced they will have to fill it in again which will cause inconvenience for the customers and the staff at the Fusion Restaurant.Making the restaurant look incompetent . The current system also takes up a lot of fund space, which is eventually going to run out as they are going to get more and more new customers everyday. If a customer wanted to trend out their details the staff may find it really difficult to edit it and update information, as it is on paper and will have to be pass out. This will also be very untidy and not very eye catching. Also, if one member of staff fills up one form and other member of staff has to use it the next day it will be very badly to understand some peoples handwriting.This may cause inconvenience for the customer. The system which is universe utilise now can also be damaged as it is just ordinary paper and can be ruined considerably by water, tea or coffee. Another issue is if the original form which was filled previously is misplaced the customer will have to fill some other form. This is very frustrating and annoying for the customers. Possible solutions There are a lot of possible solutions for all t he problems. These are some of the most sensible and weighty solutionsThey could employ more staff as part of the staff can only organise all the files in the filing cabinet, but this has a disadvantage as it is very expensive to hire more staff and it might cause confusion among the other staff because of so many people working(a) in one restaurant. They can also have different filing cabinets for different customers in alphabetical order. This will make it easier for the staff to find the files as they can just go to the filing cabinet for the people whose name began with an A for example.They can also have a different filing cabinet for bookings and reservations for the day. As this will help the staff, because they can go and check the reservations as they will know which filing cabinet the information is in. They could also have a data handling system made as this will save their time, will be user-friendly, it will also make files a lot easier to post and there will be no misspellings in this system. This is also saves on the storage space that would have been used previously for storing all the files.Chosen Solutions I have chosen the best chosen solution for solving the problem that Fusion is currently facing. I th sign the best solution for this problem is to use an application design which might not be specifically made for storing data from restaurants but can be customised to what the restaurant needs in its data handling system. Some of the advantages of this solution are This application program will be able to save all the data from fusion restaurant, with no misspellings and it will also save a lot of storage space.Also the data cannot be misplaced to anywhere as it is on the computer and as long as the staff press the save button none of the data can be lost. The data saved on the application program can be edited easily and will still be neat unlike the current system that is being used at Fusion. The application program wont be time con suming as data can be found within approximately 45 seconds rather then the current system which might take more then 15 minutes. The application program will also save a lot of paper and ink as the system will be fully digital and wont need to be printed onto paper.The handwriting in the current system is very hard to read as different people fill out different forms, but with an application program everything will be typed in so this will make the writing very easy to read and understandable for all members of staff. This might take some training for people who arent familiar with computers but in the long run it is better for the restaurant itself as it is a very modern restaurant and so should have a modern data handling system like the bigger and more established restaurants. System objectivesThere are a few system objectives for this application program as these will help improve the service provided by the application program. The system objectives for this application progra m are It should allow the staff at the Fusion restaurant to edit customer details as neatly as possible. Allow me to find customer bookings quicker then the current filing system being used at Fusion. Allow the staff at Fusion to find customers easily, so they can attend other customers. The application program should be easy to use.It also allows the staff to get in touch with the customers which is a positive thing for the restaurant. The application program should be able to display information fast so it doesnt cause any inconvenience for the staff or the customer. It should be able to right away delete customers as when they had filing cabinets they had to find the folder which had to been thrown out. achievement criteria The dressance criteria is linked to the system objective as it is just a more detailed explanation about the system objectives. The performance criteria for the application program areThe system should allow the staff to easily change customer details witho ut time constraints. It should also allow me to find customer bookings without any problems in about 45 seconds. The application program should also allow me to find customers easily without showing me other customers and customer details. It should be easy to use so people without any ICT skills can use it easily too. It should also allows the staff to get in touch with the customer as pictures can be added to the application program so this shows a clear picture of how the customer looks like.It should also display information faster, in about 45 seconds for the maximum. It should be able to quickly delete customers as when they had filing cabinets they had to find the folder which had to been thrown out. This is more efficient and environmentally friendly so therefore no paper is being wasted and also increases the speed of data being processed. Current resources Fusion has a PC even though not used for data handling it is used for emailing customers about current offers and info rmation about Fusion. The current resources that are being used now at Fusion restaurant areA Flat screen which is 15 inches in size and has a Screen Resolution of 1280 x 800. It runs on Windows XP and has the software Microsoft office 2000 right now which is quite an old and doesnt have a lot features. It is of the brand Samsung, which is quite popular for PCs. The internet connection is DSL, which is faster than the normal internet connections available. Hardware The hardware in a computer is equipment involved in the function of a computer. Computer hardware consists of parts that can be physically handled.The functions of these components are usually carve up into three main categories input, output, and storage. Software Computer software is a general term used to describe a collection of computer programs, procedures and documentation that perform tasks on a computer system. The term includes application software such as word processors which perform productive tasks for use rs, system software such as operating systems, which interface with hardware to provide the necessary services for application software, and middleware which controls and co-ordinates distributed systems.

Eutrophication Process Steps

Eutrophication Process StepsEutrophication is world-wide environmental issue environmental bothers that argon related to high constriction nutrients. It is the process due to increment of alga productivity which affects adversely aquatic life and also charitable and animal wellness. It is chief(prenominal)ly influenced by homokind activities that accept agriculture and sewage effluent due to creating high amount of nutrients.The mechanism of eutrophication is briefly described in Figure 1. Large amount of nutrient excitant to the pee system remains is the main effect and high level of phytoplankton biomass results that lead to algal blossom out. Consumption of oxygen close the shadow of the weewee body is the result. The opposite personal effects of the process crumb be divided 2 categories that ar related tonutrient spreading,phytoplankton growthNitrogen and match ar two main nutrients for aquatic life. In addition, A silica is also necessary for the diatoms. Nut rient concentration in the piddle body changes during eutrophication. The nutrient is the limiting means, if it is not be available for algae develop.The sufficient factor to determine limiting factor is the ratio of northward to phosphorus compounds in the water body is an important factor for hold back mechanism. ( carry over 1). Phosphorus is gener entirelyy limiting factor for phytoplankton in fresh irrigate. For large ocean areas oft experience nitrogen as the limiting nutrient, in particular in summer. Intermediate areas such(prenominal) as river plumes are often phosphorus-limited during spring,but may turn to silica or nitrogen limitation in summer.The enrichment of water by nutrients can be of natural contrast but it is often dramatic all in ally increased by human activities. This occurs almost e very(prenominal)where in the world. There are three main sources of anthropic nutrient input runoff, erosion and leaching from fertilized hoidenish areas, and sewage f rom cities and industrial wastewater. Atmospheric deposition of nitrogen (from animal do and combustion gases) can also be important. According to the European Environment Agency, the main source of nitrogen pollutants is run-off from agricultural land, whereas most phosphorus contaminant comes from households and industry, including phosphorus- imbed detergents. The rapid increase in industrial production and in in-house consumption during the 20th century has resulted in greater volumes of nutrient-rich wastewater. Although on that point has been recently a wear anxiety of nitrogen and phosphorus in agricultural practices, saturation of soils with phosphorus can be noted in roughly areas where spreading of excessive mire from animal husbandry occurs. Nutrient removal in sewage treatment plants and promotion of phosphorus-free detergents are vital to minimize the impact of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution on Europes water bodies7.Since 1980, nitrate concentrations in majo r EUrivers take generally remained constant. There is noevidence that bring down application of nitrogen fertilizersto agricultural land has resulted in lower nitrateconcentrations in rivers. Indeed, concentrations insome regions in Europe, such as Brittany, or Poitou inFrance, and Catalunya in Spain, are sedate increasing.More detailed information on nitrates are to be foundin the companion pamphlet in this series nitrate andhealth and in the E.C. continue mentioned in (6).wastewater treatment and less phosphorus in householddetergents. Phosphorus release from industryhas also fallen sharply (Figure 3) whereas phosphorusfrom agriculture, despite a reduction in the consumptionof phosphate fertilizers in the EU, remains animportant source of phosphorus pollution.Unfortunately, due to the main type of nitrogen in theeutrophication process in summer in the coastal zone,the reduction in the discharge of phosphorus fromrivers into the sea has not been visible, except in veryspecifi c sites. In most flakes the phosphorus releasedby the sediments into the open sea is sufficient toallow eutrophication to occur, although external inputs have sharply decreased. In fact, only the Dutch coasthas benefited from the improvement of the water ofthe Rhine, everywhere else the situation is stable orhas worsened.Some activities can lead to an increase in adverseeutrophication and, although they are very specific,they should be notedAquaculture knowledge Expansion of aquaculturecontributes to eutrophication by the discharge ofunused animal food and excreta of fish into thewaterThe transportation of exotic species in general via theballasts of big ships, hepatotoxic algae, cyanobacteria andnuisance weeds can be carried from endemic areasto uncontaminated ones. In these new environmentsthey may find a lucky habitat for their diffusionand overgrowth, stimulated by nutrients availabilityReservoirs in arid lands The construction of largereservoirs to store and manage water has beentaking place all over the world. These dams are builtin prepare to allow the collection of drainage waters by huge hydrographic basins. Erosion leads tothe enrichment of the waters of these reservoirs bynutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogenFactors supporting the developmentof eutrophicationBesides nutrient inputs, the first condition supportingeutrophication development is purely physical it isthe containment (time of renewal) of the water. Thecontainment of water can be physical, such as in alake or even in a slow river that works as a chain reactor(upstream waters do not mix with downstreamwaters), or it can be dynamic.The notion of dynamic containment is mostly relevantfor marine areas. Geological features such as theshape of the bottom of the sea, the shape of theshores, physical conditions such as streams, or largeturbulent areas, and tidal movements, allow somelarge marine areas to be really contained, exhibitingvery little water renewal. This is known as dynami ccontainment. In other cases, due to tidal effects, and/or streams,some areas that would be to be prone to containmentsee their waters regularly renewed and are notcontained at all and are in that locationfore very unlikely to pose eutrophic.Other physical factors influence eutrophication ofwater bodies. Thermal stratification of stagnant waterbodies (such as lakes and reservoirs), temperatureand electric arc influence the development of aquatic algae.Increased light and temperature conditions duringspring and summer explain why eutrophication is aphenomenon that occurs mainly during these seasons.Eutrophication itself affects the penetration oflight through the water body because of the shadoweffect coming from the development of algae andother living organisms and this reduces photosynthesis in deep water layers, and aquatic grass andweeds bottom development.Main consequencesof eutrophicationThe major consequence of eutrophication concernsthe availability of oxygen. Plants, thr ough photosynthesis, begin oxygen in daylight. On the contrary, indarkness all animals and plants, as well as aerobicmicroorganisms and decomposing dead organisms,respire and consume oxygen. These two competitiveprocesses are dependent on the development of thebiomass. In the case of severe biomass accumulation,the process of oxidation of the organic matter that hasformed into sediment at the bottom of the water body impart consume all the available oxygen. Even the oxygencontained in sulphates (SO42-) will be used bysome specific bacteria. This will lead to the release ofsulphur (S2-) that will immediately capture the free oxygenstill present in the upper layers. Thus, the waterbody will loose all its oxygen and all life will disappear.This is when the very specific smell of rotten eggs, originatingmainly from sulphur, will appear.In parallel with these changes in oxygen concentrationother changes in the water environment occurChanges in algal population During eutrophication, macr oalgae, phytoplankton (diatoms, dinoflagellates,chlorophytes) and cyanobacteria, whichdepend upon nutrients, light, temperature and watermovement, will experience excessive growth. Froma public health point of view, the fact that some ofthese organisms can release toxins into the water orbe toxic themselves is important.Changes in zooplankton, fish and shellfish population Where eutrophication occurs, this part of the ecosystem is the first to demonstrate changes. Being most sensitive to oxygen availability, these species may die from oxygen limitation or from changes in the chemical composition of the water such as the excessive alkalinity that occurs during intense photosynthesis.Ammonia toxicity in fish for example is much high in alkaline waters.Effects of eutrophicationThe effects of eutrophication on the environment may, have deleterious consequences for the health of exposed animal and human populations, through various pathways. detail health risks appear when fresh water, extracted from eutrophic areas, is used for the production of drinkable water. Severe impacts can also occur during animal watering in eutrophic waters.Macroalgae, phytoplankton and cyanobacteria bloomsalga display varying degrees of complexity depending on the organization of their cells. Macroalgae, phytoplankton and cyanobacteria may colonize marine, brackish or fresh waters wherever conditions of light, temperature and nutrients are favourable. cyanobacteria have been largely studied in fresh water systems, due to their ability to proliferate, toform massive surface scums, and to produce toxins that have been implicated in animal or human poisoning.Some species of algae may also contain toxins, but incidents where fresh water algae are at the originof cases of human or animal illness have very seldom been reported.Coloured toxic tides caused by algal overgrowth have been known to personify for many centuries. In fact the Bible (Exodus, 7 20-24) states all the water of the Ni le river became red as blood and fish which were in the river died. And the river was poisoned and the Egyptians could not drink its waters.algal blooms were observed in 1638 by fishermen in north west of Iceland. Fjords were reported to be stained blood red and during the wickedness produced a kind of phosphorescence. The fishermen mind that the colours could be due to the blood of fighting whales or to some marine insects or plants (Olafsson and Palmsson, 1772). The first scientific report of domestic animals dying from poisoning as a consequence of drinking water that was affected by a blue/green algaebloom was in 1878 in lake Alexandrina, Australia.In coastal and estuarine systems, however, whereconditions are less favourable to the proliferation ofcyanobacteria, which need oligo-elements such as iron, toxic algae such as dinoflagellates have been observed and have been at the origin of healthtroubles. There is growing evidence that nutrients,especially nitrogen, favour the dur ation and frequencyof such toxic blooms, and concentrations of toxin inthe cells.Health effects linked to toxins of cyanobacteria infresh watersSome cyanobacteria have the capacity to producetoxins dangerous to human beings. Toxins can befound either free in the water where the bloom occursor bound to the algal or cyanobacterial cell. When thecells are young (during the growth phase), 70 to 90%of the toxins are cell bound, whereas when the cells Cyanobacteria have been largely studied in freshwater systems, due to their ability to proliferate, toform massive surface scums, and to produce toxinsthat have been implicated in animal or human poisoning.Some species of algae may also contain toxins,but incidents where fresh water algae are at the originof cases of human or animal illness have very seldombeen reported.Coloured toxic tides caused by algal overgrowth have been known to exist for many centuries. In fact theBible (Exodus, 7 20-24) states all the water of theNile river became r ed as blood and fish which were inthe river died. And the river was poisoned and theEgyptians could not drink its waters.Algal blooms were observed in 1638 by fishermen innorth west of Iceland. Fjords were reported to be stainedblood red and during the night produced a kind ofphosphorescence. The fishermen thought that thecolours could be due to the blood of fighting whales orto some marine insects or plants (Olafsson and Palmsson,1772). The first scientific report of domestic animalsdying from poisoning as a consequence of drinkingwater that was affected by a blue/green algaebloom was in 1878 in lake Alexandrina, Australia.In coastal and estuarine systems, however, whereconditions are less favourable to the proliferation ofcyanobacteria, which need oligo-elements such asiron, toxic algae such as dinoflagellates have beenobserved and have been at the origin of healthtroubles. There is growing evidence that nutrients,especially nitrogen, favour the duration and frequencyof such toxic blooms, and concentrations of toxin inthe cells.Health effects linked to toxins of cyanobacteria infresh watersSome cyanobacteria have the capacity to producetoxins dangerous to human beings. Toxins can befound either free in the water where the bloom occursor bound to the algal or cyanobacterial cell. When thecells are young (during the growth phase), 70 to 90%of the toxins are cell bound, whereas when the cells fresh waters. People may be exposed to toxinsthrough the consumption of contaminated drinkingwater, demand contact with fresh water or the inhalationof aerosols. Toxins induce damage in animals andhumans by acting at the molecular level and thenceaffecting cells, tissues and organs (Table 3).The nervous, back upive, respiratory and cutaneoussystems may be affected. Secondary effects can beobserved in numerous organs. Age or physiologicalconditions of the affected individual may determine theseverity of the symptoms. A variety of symptoms,depending on the toxins implicat ed, are observedsuch as fatigue, headache, diarrhoea, vomiting, sorethroat, febrility and skin irritations. Cyanotoxins can be classified into three groups Hepatotoxins.These are the most frequently observed cyanotoxins.Experiments using mice indicate that they cause liver-coloredinjury and can lead to death from liver haemorrhageand cardiac failure within a few hours of exposure atacute doses. Chronic exposure induces liver injuryand promotes the growth of tumours.Questions remain concerning the effects of repeatedexposures to low levels of toxins. Animal experimentshave shown liver injury from repeated oral exposure tomicrocystins, the most frequently observed cyanotoxins.It is thought that the high prevalence13 of livercancer observed in some areas of China could be dueto the posture of microcystins in water supplies. Neurotoxins.These are generally less common and act on the nervoussystem. In mice and aquatic birds, they causerapid death by respiratory arrest, sometimes occurr ingin a few minutes. Dermatotoxins.These induce irritant and allergenic replys in tissuesby simple contact.The global toxicity of a cyanobacterial proliferation isnot constant in time or space, making it difficult toassess the health threat although some acute poisoningshave led to death (Tables 3 and 4).The release of cyanotoxins in water has been at theorigin of several outbreaks affecting animal or humanhealth (Case studies p. f12). About 75% of cyanobacterialblooms are accompanied by toxin production.The presence of cyanobacterial toxins after potabilizationtreatment represents a health threat for patientsundergoing renal dialysis treatment.Monitoring of eutrophicationMonitoring is useful if it is performed for a purpose. The main reasons for proctoring a water body foreutrophication are To prevent the occurence of eutrophication Early warning purposes. Public health authoritiesneed to know when eutrophication is likely to start inorder to allow them to implement preventive act ions To know the level of development of the process, and have a precise picture of the tone of voice of the water.This is mostly relevant for water companies, whichhave to deal with eutrophic waters Research.The reality is that monitoring systems are often multipurpose.Monitoring and focussingof cyanobacterial growth in fresh watersfor public health purposesChorus and Bartram (1999) have proposed the followingmonitoring and management scheme to watertreatment plant operators and managers as an alertlevel framework. It provides a graduated response tothe onset and progress of a cyanobacteria bloom.This tool initially comes from Australia. Three responselevels are defined Vigilance Level is defined by the sleuthing of one colony, or five filaments, of a cyanobacterium in a 1 mlwater sample. When the Vigilance Level is exceeded,it is recommended that the affected water body issampled more(prenominal) frequently at least once a week, sothat potentially rapid changes in cyanobacter ia biomasscan be monitored. Alert Level 1 is initiated when 2,000 cyanobacterialcells per ml or 0.2 mm3/l biovolume23 or 1 g/l chlorophyll- a24 are detected. Alert Level 1 conditionrequires an assessment to be made of the total toxinconcentration in the raw water. A consultation shouldbe held with the health authorities for on-goingassessment of the status of the bloom and of the suitabilityof tempered water for human consumption. Monitoringshould be conducted at least once per week. It may also be appropriate at this time to issue advisory notices to the public through the media or other means. Government departments or interested authorities or those with legal responsibilities should also be contacted, as should organizations that treat or care for members of the public with special needs. Alert Level 2 is initiated when 100,000 cells per ml or 10-mm3/l biovolume or 50 g/l chlorophyll-a are detected, with the presence of toxins confirmed by chemical or bioassay techniques. This density of cells corresponds to an established, toxic bloom with high biomass and possibly also localized scums. In this situation there is a need for effective water treatment systems and an assessment of the performance of the system. Hydro-physical measures to reduce cyanobacteria growth may still be attempted. If efficient water treatments are not available (see technical annex), a contingency water supply plan should be activated. In extreme situations, safe drinking water should be supplied to consumers in tanks and bottles. Media releases and contact with consumers should be undertaken via mail of leaflets informing that water may present danger for human consumption but is still fit for the purposes of washing, laundry and toilet flushing.National water forest monitoring programsFew national water quality monitoring programmes include parameters which indicate eutrophication or a risk of algal or cyanobacterial overgrowth. In Europe, North America, Japan and Australia, loc al monitoring plans which check the occurrence of toxic species in areas where shellfish or fish are consumed, are implemented. This is based on sampling at strategic points and epitome of phytoplankton and/or shellfish. The frequency of sampling generally depends on the sea- son. Table 6 summarizes the monitoring systems in some EU Member States. They only allow the monitoring of toxic blooms, which are only a part of the eutrophication consequences.Technologies such as satellite imaging can be used to monitor large water bodies. The same technique can be applied to monitor the extent of high chlorophyll-a concentrations reflecting the phytoplankton biomass of the upper layers of the eutrophic area.Possible parameters used for monitoring purposesAccording to the definition of eutrophication, it is clear that formulae such as an increase of x grams of bottom macrophytes per squarely meter or y micrograms chlorophyll-a per litre are not suitable to define a threshold, which, when e xceeded, will describe eutrophication.Such unique parameter does not exist. Moreover, in order to define the magnitude of eutrophication, two measurements are required That of the system in its reference conditions, and in its current or predicted future condition. As baseline data for a site is the exception rather than the rule, this makes it difficult to test eutrophication using a case-by-caseapproach. Nevertheless, as the first signs of adverse eutrophication is a decrease in the oxygen concentration in the lower layers of the water body of stagnant waters, and an increase in pH due to photosynthesis (CO2 depletion), these parameters, together with use up microscopic observations, are likely to be the only ones that can abet forecast the likelihood of the start of such a process as spacious as a model integrating physical conditions, nutrient inputs and biological effects has not been locally validated. Prevention25,26The causes that drive eutrophication are multiple and th e mechanisms involved are complex. Several elements should be considered in order to assess the possible actions aimed at counteracting nutrient enrichment of water supplies. The use of computerised models now allows a better understanding of the subroutine of each factor, and forecasting the efficiency of various curative and preventive measures. The best way to avoid eutrophication is to try to disrupt those mechanisms that are under human control this clearly means to reduce the input of nutrients into the water basins. Such a control unfortunately does not have a linear effect on the eutrophication intensity. Integrated management should comprise Identification of all nutrient sources. Such information can be acquired by studies of the catchment area of the water supply. Knowledge of industrial activities, discharge practices and localization, as well as agricultural practices (fertilizer contribution/plant use and localization of crops) is necessary in order to plan and imple ment actions aiming at limiting the nutrient enrichment of water.The identification of sewage discharge points, agricultural practices, the nature of the soil, the vegetation, and the interaction between the soil and the water can be of great help in knowing which areas should be targeted. Knowledge of the hydrodynamics of the water body, particularly the way nutrients are transported, and of the vulnerability of the aquifer, will allow determination of the ways by which the water is enriched with nutrients.Anthropogenic nutrient point sources such as nontreated industrial and domestic wastewater discharge can be minimized by self-opinionated use of wastewater treatments. In sensitive aeras, industries and local authorities should control the level of nutrients in the treated wastewater by the use of specific denitrification or phosphorus removal treatments.Diffuse anthropogenic nutrient sources can be controlled by soil conservation techniques and fertilizer restrictions.Knowledge of the agronomic balance (ratio of fertilizer contribution to plant use) is very relevant to optimize the fertilization practice and to limit the loss of nutrients. Diffuse nutrient losses will be reduced by implementation at farm level of goodly practices suchas Fertilization balance, for nitrogen and phosphorus, e.g. adequation of nutrients supply to the needs of the crop with reasonable evaluate yields, taking into account soil and atmospheric N supply. Regular soil nutrients analysis, fertilization plans and registers at plot level. Sufficient scatter storage capacities, for spreading of manure at appropriate periods. Green cover of soils during winter, use of catchcrops in crop rotations. Unfertilized grass buffer strips (or broad hedges) along watercourses and ditches. Promotion of permanent grassland, rather than temporary forage crops. Prevention of erosion of sloping soils. Precise irrigation management (e.g. drip irrigation, fertilisation, soil moisture control).In coa stal areas, improvement in the dispersion of nutrients, either through the multiplication of discharge points or through the changing of their localization, can help to avoid localized high levels of nutrients.Reuse and recycling, in aquaculture and agriculture, of waters rich in nutrients can be optimized in order to avoid discharge into the water body and direct consumption of the nutrients by the local plant and fauna.Water resources are environmental assets and therefore have a price. There are market-based methods to estimate costs and benefits, and these make it possible to use cost- benefit analysis as a useful tool to assess the economic effects of abatement of eutrophication or other pollution problems. Benefits range from higher quality drinking water and reduced health risks (Photo 29) to improved recreational uses (Photo 30). The effects on human health from the lack of sanitation and the chronic effects of toxic algal blooms are two of the many indirect effects resulti ng from eutrophication. Numerous cost-benefit analyses of pollution abatement have clearly demonstrated that the total costs to society of no pollution reduction is much higher than at least a reasonable pollution reduction. Consequently, it is necessary to examine the prevention of pollution and restoration of water quality in lakes and reservoirs from an economic standpoint. The result of such examinations should be applied to assess effluent charges and green taxes. International experience shows that these economic instruments are sanely effective in improving water quality and solving related water pollution problems. Thus, effective planning and management of lakes and reservoirs depends not only on a sound understanding of these water-bodies as ecological systems but also of their value to people as recreational areas and water resources.In the past, several management strategies were developed and applied to solve problems of decreasing surface and groundwater quality. Thes e were often a response to acute critical situations resulting in increased costs of water. The demand for good quality fresh water was only solved partially and locally this was because too few resources were allocated too late to solve the problems. Early prevention is by far the cheapest method to avoid later pollution.Eutrophication ManagementRecognizing that the specific needs of policy-makers and administrators are usually different from those of the strictly technical audience, the primary purpose of this digest is to provide quantitative tools for assessing the state of eutrophication of lakes and reservoirs to provide a framework for developing cost-effective eutrophication management strategies to provide a basis upon which strategies can be tailor-made for each specific case according to the physical, social, institutional, regulatory and economic characteristics of the local area or region and to provide specific technical guidance and case studies regarding the effecti ve managementof eutrophication. The approach presented in this document (Figure 1) also is sufficiently general that it can be applied, with relative little modification, to the assessment of other environmental problems and to the development of effective management strategies for such problems.An approach for achieving the basic objectives stated above consists of the following components, applied approximately in the order presented identify eutrophication problem and establish management goals assess the extent of information available about the lake/reservoir identify available options for management of eutrophication analyze all costs and expect benefits of alternative management/control options analyze adequacy of existing institutional and regulatory framework for implementing alternative management strategies select desired control outline and distribute summary to interested parties prior to implementation and provide periodic progress reports on control programme to publ ic and other interested parties. appellative of bad (unacceptable) versus good (acceptable) water quality in this digest is based on the specific intended use or uses of the water resource.That is, water quality management goals for a lake or reservoir should be a function of the major purpose(s) for which the water is to be used.Obviously, there are water quality conditions to be avoided because of their interference with water uses. Ideally, for example, a lake or reservoir used as a drinking water supply should have water quality as close to an oligotrophy state as possible, since this would insure that only a minimum amount of pre-treatment would be necessary to yield a water suitable for human consumption. For such a waterbody, the content of phytoplankton (and their metabolic products) in the water should be as low as possible to facilitate this goal. Further, if the water is taken from the bottom waters of a lake during the summer (usually the period of maximum algal growth), it should be free of interferring substances resulting from decomposition of dead algal cells. Eutrophic lakes and reservoirs also could be used as a drinking water supply. However, extensive pre-treatment would be necessary before the water was suitable for human consumption.Some water uses may require no treatment at all, regardless of the existing water quality. Examples are fire-fighting purposes and the transport of commercial goods by ship. Further, in areas with extremely limited water resources, virtually all of the water may be used for various purposes (with or without treatment), regardless of its quality. Therefore, although humans can use water exhibiting a range of water quality, there is a desirable or optimal water quality for virtually any type of water usage. Though it is not quantitative in nature, a summary of intended water uses and the optimal versus minimally-acceptable trophic state for such uses is provided in Table 3. In addition, an example of the values of several commonly mensural water quality parameters corresponding to different trophic conditions, based on the international eutrophication study of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (1982), is provided in Table 4. Thus, it is possible to identify acceptable or optimal water quality for given water uses.Given these factors, a prudent approach in setting eutrophication management goals is to determine the minimum water quality and trophic conditions acceptable for the primary use or uses of the lake or reservoir (Table 1), and attempt to manage the water body so that these conditions are achieved. In a given situation, if the primary use or uses of a waterbody is hindered by existing water quality, or else requires water quality or trophic conditions not being met in the waterbody, this signals the need for remedial or control programmes to achieve the necessary in-lake conditions.21 the problem?The governmental consumptionIt is recognized that a range of different forms of government, as well as economic conditions, exist around the world. Consequently it is difficult to provide general guidelines regarding the role of the government in environmental protection efforts that will cover all possible situations. However, virtually all nations also contain some type of complaisant service infrastructure which, if properly used, can be an effective instrument with which to address governmental concerns. Even so, as noted earlier, not all