Case Study Johnson Johnson Marketing Essay

Case Study Johnson Johnson marting EssayJohnson Johnson Consumer Products Division is one of the leading fast miserable consumer right(a)s manufacturers in India. It is also among the most consistent and successful enterprises not just in the JJ orb-wide group of companies, but also in India. Johnson Johnson Consumer Products division has been growing steadily over the last few years, and is one of the few companies in the Indian mart to grow at extremely healthy take aims. Johnson and johnson is the world most all-inclusive and broadly based manufacturer of health occupy wargon and service for the consumer pharmaceutical and medical and diagnostics marketplace. The Consumer Products Division owes its success to the strength of its places, and the loyalty they make love from consumers, a strong sense of values driven from the Credo, and an environment, which sets the toughest standards of leadership.OverviewJohnson and johnson founded in 1886 as a supplier of health car e produce in open market.The flip quatered of John son and john son in recent B puffswick ,NjThe alliance sell much(prenominal) than 175 crossway in 57 countries in the world .In 2003 the sale of Johnson and johnson were 4.19billion dollar.John son and john son have 110,600 employers over the world . more(prenominal) than US280billion pa philonthrapy.World leading heath care supplierPRODUCTS OF JOHNSON JOHNSONAveeno ageless vitalityAveeno nourish + hair collectionAveeno nourish + style collectionAveeno hydrarting body washJohnson innate(p) baby lotionJohnson natural baby shampooJohnson natural head to toe foaming body washListerine total careNeosprine lip healthNeutrogena men sensitive contendNeutrogena sore pimple gelNeutrogena skin clearing mineral powderNeutrogena advanced sun block lotionRoc brilliance day rejuvenatingRoc brilliance ticker beautifierSkin crystal all natural sweetnerCOMPETETORS OF JOHNSON JOHNSONABBOTT LABSLILLY ELI CONOVARTIS A GPESTLE compendPO LITICAL LEGALJohnson Johnson operates in both softened and evolution countries worldwide where the political situation in these countries is stable and encourages more Investments. similarly legislations in these countries favours free market economy with no government intervention.ECONOMICALWith the design of the European Union and single currency the whole European market has been trans moulded to a single market hence increasing the market for Johnson Johnson intersection points.Also inflation and exchange rates in most of the countries has been stable thus not extend toing the prices of products or any future Investments.SOCIOLOGICALDue to late(a) developments people around the world have changed from using natural food products to the use of genetic circumscribed food products or to special types of foUnilever has tested to cope with all the changes that take place in the modern world.TECHNOLOGICALThe objective of Johnson Johnson is not only to maximize the wealth of its throwers but also to previse the aspi symme discoverns of its customers and to respond creatively and competitively with mark products and services that raise the quantity of life.Johnson Johnson put much emphasis on research and development, modern technologies and launching of modified products so as satisfy its stakeholdersSWOT ANALYSIS Johnson JohnsonStrengthsWorldwide sales have grown 14% indicating a strong flummox for the global group.The line of descent model adapted by Johnson and Johnson fundamentally uses the adaptation of entrepreneurial values in order to retain an edge deep down the market place.Working with intensifier scientific notions Johnson and Johnson utilise a varied expanse of problem solving techniques in order to challenge the standard practice and capitalise on matu proportionalityn through emerging markets which enables associated fruit.The use of independent offices working as standalone units provides the opportunity to develop concepts w ith cultural considerations which tail end prove important when taking a product to global markets.WeaknessesThere is increasing pressure within pharmaceutical markets to reduce prices in line with medical budgets and hold patent expirations to ensure generic programmes are updated within critical path movements.Challenges have been faced within Johnson and Johnson where a reduction in the market necessity for key products has been set some of these products were branded and have been replaced by generic programmes at the end of patent time lines.Internal weakness across the industry and not isolated to Johnson and Johnson would be the level of theft and counterfeiting of drugs managed through internal personnel.OpportunityWhilst the recent acquisition of Pfizer Consumer Healthcare al small act as an opportunity in its own right to progress growth for the organisation through alternative routes there is the added value capitalised through the return on come inment funds which allow for be realised 12 months originally plan releasing funds back into the bottom line.Johnson and Johnson have superiorlighted new developments in pharma products with five undergoing regulatory review which provides the opportunity to grow the existent product portfolio.Development into new functions of medical devices and diagnostics will provide new markets to entry which will result in seam growth.With the development of WTO rules to foresee the availability of cheap generic drugs there is the opportunity to reduce the level of lost amplification due to generic introduction as patents run out. Whilst this will aid Johnson and Johnson where they own the brand where they are looking to capitalise on introducing generic drugs to market this ruling will become a hindrance.ThreatsGenerally within the main pharmaceutical companies there is a high level of competition for the generics markets where patents finish and it is the first to entry where success will generally be d etermined. technological developments with bio-tech concepts will potentially move the traditional pharmaceutical methods out of the market place in the long term although there is an economical argument that this form of development can be segregated to run alongside traditional methods and complement as opposed to replace.FINANCIAL ANALYSISThe assessment of the monetary put of the firm constitutes an important aspect of the internal analysis which must be carried out to determine the strengths and weaknesses of the organisation .It is important to carry out a financial performance of the corporation Johnson Johnson. because the financial appraisal will indicate the extent to which the firm is meeting some of its key objectives and also help management to reign over operations and make decisions in ways which will achieve or fulfil the overall corporation objectives.Two categories of financial performance measures are normally used and these can be based on absolute values, wh ich measure simoleonsability and those based on relative form of return on investment or capital employed.ProfitabilityBusinesses come into being with the primary purpose of creating wealth for their owners. Profitability measures indicate how effectively the total firm is being managed and in many ways constitute the most important aspect. Profit is widely used as an absolute measure of profitability and provides a means by which a corporation can be compared with another in the same industry e.g. Novartis or the same company over different times of period. lucre profit marginThis ratio relates the net profit of the business to the sales generated for the sales period. Net profit represents the difference between sales, the cost of sales and the run expenses used to generate that profit.Year ofOperation20022001200019991998 gross sales48,27051,51447,58240,97740,437Net Profit2,1291,8381,1052,7712,944Net ProfitMargin in %4.43.62.36.87.3We can see the profit ratio was up in early yea rs but due to intensive competition and new product innovations it started falling.Gross ProfitYear ofOperation20022001200019991998Sales48,27051,51447,58240,97740,437Gross Profit5,0415,1743,1814,3034,410Gross ProfitMargin in %10.41071011The gross profit margin indicates that the gross profit is stable over the five years under consideration at 10% at the most is a favourable trend.LiquidityIn analysing the fluidness position we want to know whether Johnson Johnson is able to meet its short-term obligations as and when they fall due.Year ofOperation20022001200019991998Current Assets16,20917,67820,08625,40721,601Current Liabilities20,60223,21228,36412,13417,970Liquidity Ratio111.1112121From the given figures we can see that Johnson Johnson have a sound liquidity position of 11 meaning the corporation is able to meet its short-term obligations from its current assets without having to raise finance by borrowing, issuing shares or selling remedy assets which is a favourable trend.2 0022001200019991998Price Earning Ratio21%21%11%31%41%The price-earning ratio is generally good at 31 it shows that the corporation is held in high esteem in the market20022001200019991998Dividend Cover24411838132029723088The divided cover compares the amount of profit earned per ordinary share, which is 2441 in 2002, is good compared to the previous years.20022001200019991998Efficiency21.741.632.653.30The company is being operated efficiently in order to generate sales.Finally Johnson Johnson is financially sound and a going concern that is able to take up any challenges.VisionValue and low prices as hallmark of development commission StatementFor best attribute and best price.COMPETITOR PROFILE ANALYSISThe five forces analysis will aim to identify the key forces, which will affect the level of competition in food, home and personal care where Johnson Johnson operates.The five forces FrameworkPotential entrantsThreat ofEntrants (Low)SuppliersBargainingPower (Low)CompetitiveRivalr y (High)Norvatis come nearKraft FoodDanoneSainsburyMarks SpenserBuyersBargainingPower (low)Threat ofSubstitutes (High)SubstitutesThreat from new entrants (Low)Home and personal care requires high capital investment in order to enter market and Johnson Johnson have built up experience and dissemination convey to compete effectively in the industry. Currently Johnson Johnson is operating in 100 countries and is able to tailor its products to the different markets and preclude customers demand.Most of its products like Baby care products are market leaders.Threat of Substitutes (high)There are so many competitors in consumer goods industry. there is a abundant competition among these consumers. So there is a substation effect which is rattling high.Bargaining power of Suppliers (low)Johnson Johnson is a genuinely big and strong business entity, which cannot be easily influenced or forced in its decisions by suppliers, as it is not dependent on one supplier. As stated in the c ase Johnson Johnson has no problem with supply of raw materials as is able to operate in 100 markets with a variety of products without run short of raw materials.Bargaining power of Buyers. (High)Customers especially in European market frequently keep on demanding more new products, better features and great variety at acceptable prices. This has forced Johnson Johnson to develop new products.there are so many competitors prevailing in the consumer goods industry. So the bargaining power of buyers is very high.Competition (High)Johnson Johnson main competitors are unilever PG etc. Due to this Johnson Johnson was under restructuring programmeCompetitors are producing the same products as Johnson Johnson, hence bring competition in the market.ANALYSIS OF THE MARKETING MIX OF JOHNSON JOHNSONWeldon was a master of trade, which was then to the advantage of the monolith JJ. The following discussions will analyze the capability of JJ using the marketing mix to maximize the meshwor k gained by the said company under the headship of Weldon. II. Marketing PointsA. ProductBased on the clause of (2003) Johnson Johnson was a company who dwell in innovation and new products. This shows that the company has a commercial advantage against its competitors. Not only does it have a recognizable brand, it also offers products which the public identify with them. This is possible because they have identified themselves with the product. A good example of this would be their treatment of the drug, Procrit. B. PlaceAlong with the famous products of the company, it also shows how effectively they make these kind to the public. In the case of their product Band aid, they targeted hospitals by making it more scientific through the improvements made by their research and design department. The product was made liquid and thus accessible for hospitals as wound closing agents. Another product was also made accessible to the public. Their product, Nizoral, was formerly an antifun gal treatment targeted for hospital use was transformed to ordinary merchandise, shampoo. This shows the tenacity of the company to offer the public their products and in the same time expand their market. C. PromotionThe promotion of the products of JJ, the company takes on the persuasive craftsmanship of Weldon to the public. The article indicates that Weldon does impose rather challenging tasks to his exe cutting offives. These tasks are expected to be successful at the first attempt that some of the executives even consider it impossible. Nevertheless, the pressure provided by Weldon has been considerably effective given the performance of JJ in his reign. The competitive compulsion that has enveloped the company through Weldon has helped improved consciousness and creates a positive find towards the products offered by the company.D. PriceEarly on in the article, the discussions have presented that JJ have offered the public with low-cost and considerably affordable products in the market. This doesnt only make their product know to the majority of the public, but also the choice of many buyers. The good thing about JJs recognizable brand name is that the buying public tends to trust their products. In this manner, this part of the marketing mix tends to contribute largely to the rest of the determinants of product choice. Johnson Johnson as one of the most influential companies in the commercial sector. One could read largely on the situations of JJ. It shows that a firm leader could do wonders for the company. Weldon was cognizant of both internal and external elements that affect the overall environment of the company. In this manner, he was able to use these to his advantage. Knowing what inescapably to be done for product has greatly influenced how he became aware on how these are going to be carried out. More important than the effective implementation of the marketing mix, the proper communication within the organization is required. Along wit h the strong leader, the need of a healthy fundamental interaction within the ranks presents not only an opportunity to develop but also, as seen in the case of JJ, to essentially make seemingly impossibly demanding tasks into measured ones.BCG MatrixThe capital of Massachusetts Consultative Group BCG Matrix is a Portfolio strategic analysis tool. It evaluates the portfolio of strategic business unit or markets according to their performance and groups them as Stars, Cash Cows, head Marks or Dogs. The matrix is a market share market growth matrix.Companies must develop new businesses but also must carefully prune, harvest or divest tired old businesses in order to release resources and reduce cost. In the case of Johnson Johnson, we are going to analyse the portfolio of the business based on BCG matrix, examine the relationship between market share and market growth of the different business units.BCG MATRIX FOR PRODUCTSMarket SharegrowthHighlowHighStarsBest foodsFrozenMarket Gr owth wonder MarksDeodorantsAnti- PrespirantCash cowsKnorrFloraDogsSlim FastSTARS (High market share, high market growth)As we have seen in the question mark businesses, there are brands within the business units that are performing well and if the question mark are successful they become stars.In home and personal care, products for cleansing, deodorant and antiperspirant under the brands of Axe Lux Ponds, Rexona, CIF, comfort, Domesto, Omo, Skip and Snuggle have a good share of the growing market. However, Johnson Johnson may have to spend substantial funds for its stars to keep up with high market growth and fight off the competitors attacks as a leader in these core brands.CASH COWS (Low market share, high market growth)Johnson Johnson does not have to invest heavily on marketing or to finance capacity expansion, as the growth is low and market conditions more stable. As these business units are market leaders, they enjoy economies of scale and high profit margin. Johnson Jo hnson should use these cash cow businesses to support the lagging ones that drive down the profit of the company.QUESTION MARKS (High market share, low market growth)Question MarksAccording to our matrix question marks are operating in a growing market without high market share. Johnson Johnson is categorized as question marks.Therefore it can be noticed that not the whole divisions are under performing, as a result Johnson Johnson needs to invest more in these business units to keep up with the fast growing market because they are already successful but need better performance.DOGS (Low market share, low market growth).With a weak market share in low growth market, they may be considered as dogs. As consumers started questioning the effectiveness of products and good turn to alternatives.SegmentationMarket segmentation is the process of taking a heterogeneous market and breaking it into smaller homogenous groups where all members have similar needs and respond similarly to a set of marketing efforts. Once the market has been segmented, the organization selects the segments to be served (known as target markets).Targeting.Johnson Johnson target households for home care products, health care products, personal care products for the people who are hygiene concious. Prices are generally set for middle class people, who can easily afford it. setDetermine positioning. A market position is developed for the product so that the target will clearly know where the product stands in relation to the competition, as well as other products marketed by the organization.Johnson Johnson have positioned themselves as home and personal care producers.Product positioning is how a product is positioned in the take heed of the consumer. Positioning begins with finding a difference in the product that is worth establishing to the extent that it is important, distinctive, superior, communicable, pre-emptive, affordable, and profitable.Johnson Johnson have position their produ cts-High Quality and good priceJohnson Johnson products are positioned as good value products but are slowing threat faced by Johnson JohnsonDifferential advantage refers to any feature of a product or organization perceived by customers to be desirable and different from the competition. An organization uses its resources and capitalizes on them to obtain a differential advantage by offering strange products.CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORSCritical Success Factors are factors upon which the success of the business is dependant. Johnson Johnson attend to these factors to ensure success.Ability to tailor products according to different market and anticipate customer demandsUnderstanding in depth of the countries in which Johnson Johnson operatesPolicy of listening to customers.Producing different range of products to match the diversity of its consumersIncreased advertising budget and interaction with advertising agencies.CORPORATE OBJECTIVESYet one of Johnson Johnson s major and most important objective was anticipating the aspirations of consumers and customers and responding creatively and competitively with branded products and services which raise the quality of life In crease customisation to local national taste by establishing additional brand names.Regain Market Leadership with 5 years.Regain stockholder confidenceInternationalise ManagementMarketing Mission StatementTo provide the best quality products and Service to the customer and be the market leaders in the retail industry.MARKETING OBJECTIVESJohnson Johnson, consumer goods manufacturer has these main marketing objectivesTo create sustainable, profitable growth and value for shareholders and employees by improving profits by 10%.To improve performance of the lagging businessesTo boost sales and margin through its path to growth strategy by 10%To increase market share and maintain leadership of its core brands by creating customer loyalty.To tailor products to different markets and anticipate consu mer demand through research and development-innovation.OTHER MARKETING STRATEGIESGROWTH STRATEGIESGrowth sender AnalysisExisting ProductImproved product (new, changed)New ProductOptionsExisting marketMarket PenetrationProduct variants or product specialisationProduct line extensionMarket expansionMarket segmentationMarket-Product segmentation-New product development-Market development-Existing boundaryNew MarketMarket developmentDiversificationConglomerate diversificationAlternativesThe most suitable strategies of meeting the Marketing objectives stated above areMarket PenetrationA market penetration strategy suggests that growth is possible by achieving a deeper penetration (sell more) of its present product within a present market. An organization could sell more of its current product(s) to its current customers, attract competitors customers, or convince non-users to begin using the product, thereby increasing its existing market share. Another growth alternative is to try and identify new markets for its present products.Johnson Johnson should sell more of the existing Products in Asia, Europe and North America.Product Line ExtensionThrough a product line extension strategy, an organization might create an augmented product in order to stimulate the current markets and create new ones.Unilever must pronto start pursuing this strategy as its current products are falling out of favour with the consumer and should pursue this further.Market DevelopmentBy employing a market development strategy, an organization might identify new markets for its product by determining potential user groups for its current products, seeking additional distribution channels in its present locations, or offering its product for sale in new geographic locations, either domestic or international. Another alternative is to develop new products for an existing target market.Ford has the opportunity to develop a very profitable market in Africa and the pacific region in particul ar the former commonwealth countries that readily identify with anything British..New Product Development New Product development in existing Boundaries. Entirely new products can be developed taking into consideration customer tastes and preferences. This will enhance competitive advantage and keep competition at bay.Johnson Johnson must use a combination of these strategies to achieve best result in market growth and be able to compete effectively in the industry.COMPETITIVE STRATEGIESFocused eminenceThis occurs when the company a range of clearly differentiated products which appeal to different segments of the market. This will be the most suitable strategy to pursue due to the companies study of quality, value and service. It will also be congruent with the core aspirations of the company.Cost Leadership- (problem solution)Although Johnson Johnson has not competed on cost in the market it must try to cut costs because it is currently under attack from its competitors on bo th quality and cost of products. Therefore it must be seen to be challenging the competition not only on the quality of the products but also on the cost.MARKETING MIX STRATEGIESMarketing mix strategiesThe marketing mix is the means used by the marketer to satisfy customers.Product policies- new product development brand development brand family, corporate branding. Branding is part of the actual product and is a major issue in overall product strategy. Branding is used to give products unique identities and helps the marketer to differentiate their product from those of competitors use a tool.Branding Strategy Family branding this involves using a brand image and name for a range of products.Corporate branding this means that a company uses its own company name as a brand for its products.Individual branding this means that each product is given a distinct name and image by a company.Johnson Johnson must use this strategy because the brand name is well established, launch costs of new products may be low and brand loyal customers are more likely to try the branded new productsNew Product Development An organisation that wishes to survive long term, must invest in new product development (NPD). Always, all products eventually reach the decline stage of the PLC. Without new products an organisations sales will eventually become non-existent and Customers will seek competitors products. Additionally, by introducing new and innovative products to the market place first, an organisation may generate customer loyalty and maintain its market share as the market grows. NPD is costly and can be a long process. If a new product fails, a company may make huge financial losses and the ensuring bad publicity can be detrimental. The NPD process helps to minimise the risk of failure. Johnson Johnson must heavily invest in this strategy of new product development.Promotion policiesPromotion is more than just advertising. It includes almost any form of communication that a company has with its customers.Indeed, it includes communication with stakeholders, suppliers, intermediaries and the general public. The range of parties that a company promotes to is known as the target audience.Promotion strategies and the communities mixWhen a company is pursuing a pull strategy, it promotes its products to the final customers to encourage them to buy. They are encouraged to demand the product from intermediaries.Place policiesPlace is the term used in the marketing mix to mean distribution. Distribution involves all the activities necessary in getting a product to a customer.Distribution can be looked from two perspectives channels of distribution and physical distribution. Channel of distribution refer to the organisations involved (distributors, wholesalers, retailer, agents). Physical distribution refers to the physical transportation, handling and storage of products necessary to make products available to customers.

Health Promotion Strategies for Smoking Cessation

health Promotion Strategies for Smoking CessationDrawing on appropriate literature, provide a critical digest of the application of wellness packaging philosophies, principles and uprisees underpinning public wellness practice in proportion to a relevant topic (e.g. any public wellness constitution in the UK)The chosen public health topic is pot. The student has selected this subject because it is a current issue of particular relevance because of the prohibition to premises neat smoke- free if they are open to the public, due to be enforced in England in July 2007 (Health Act 2006). Smoking is also an important topic because it has been identified as the single most signifi chamberpott public health problem in the UK (Royal College of Physicians 2000) approximately 114,000 smokers in the UK die as a result of dope (Action on Smoking and Health 2005). The treatment of sess- related conditions costs the National Health do (NHS) up to 1.7 billion per year with an estimat ed cost of 1.7 million to British fabrication every year as the result of lost working hours caused by smoking- related illness (Gommans 2005).According to Tannahill (1985) health packaging is a broad concept which encompasses health education and health prevention. Health education refers to working with groups and individuals to promote healthy deportments, whereas health prevention refers to strategies which prevent ill- health such as immunisation. public health is defined asThe science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through organised efforts of society (Acheson 1988)This definition implies a collective approach besides public health has been criticised as being medical examinationly dominated (McPherson 2001).Philosophies of health promotion provide a framework for exploring our rationale and justification for wanting to lurch health- related behaviour. Seedhouse (2002) refers to health promotion as a pattern endeavour in other word s health professionals are required to make judgments active if, how and when to intervene in relation to the health behaviours of patients, clients and service users, taking into account individual expects and priorities. In some cases health behaviours repair not exactly the individual but others, also this applies to the effects of secondary smoking, for example. Taking into account the secondary effects of health behaviours may impact upon the moral endeavour of health professionals and health policy makers. Moral judgements underpin the work of health professionals the student recalls an incident when a lady aged 100 who had smoked all of her braggart(a) life and who clearly did not have long to live, asked to be helped to smoke a cigarette. This simple act gave her pleasure and it seemed irrational and unkind not to serve to her request. Moral judgements are not always straightforward.Philosophical principles applicable to health promotion include logic the study of re asoned argument (Naidoo and Wills 2000a). Our arguments for changing health-related behaviour are enjoin- based involving for example, the type of statistics more or less smoking highlighted in para 1 of this page. on that point is a large body of evidence which supports the argument that smoking is damaging to health and yet, as discussed further on (para.2, p.4), it can be seen that individuals do not always respond to logical reasoned argument in relation to modifying health- behaviours.Epistemology, another philosophical principle, is concerned with the debate about truth, in this case exploring what health really means. There are different models of health including the medical and social models. The medical model is concerned with the categorisation of illness and disease and with specific medical interventions given by the expert (the health professional) to the patient, who has traditionally been a passive recipient of this expert advice and intervention. A social model o f health involves a broader interpretation of health which is influenced by a range of determinants, such as age, gender, socioeconomic factors, education and environment. Within this model, strategies to improve health status adopt a wider perspective than the medical model, seeking to address the aforementioned determinants. In relation to health promotion, the medical model might not take into consideration, factors which affect the individuals behaviour such as their socioeconomic status. There is evidence that smoking behaviour is more prevalent among more disadvantaged socioeconomic groups (Gulliford et al 2003). It is important therefore to take into consideration this and other, factors when developing health promotion strategies and not to reduce the issue to one of the giving and receiving of nurture with an assurance that behaviour will be modified as a result.Health promotion philosophies are also concerned with ethics. The theory of ethics is divided into two main ca tegories deontological and consequential. Deontology is concerned with our duty to behave according to a set of moral principles. On page 1, paragraph 5, the issues/ dilemmas involved for health professionals in qualification moral judgements, were referred to. Consequential ethics are based on the premise that a judgment about whether an action is right or wrong is dependent on its end result, in other words whether the ends justify the means. This has some kindle implications for health promotion. Further on (p.4) some health promotion strategies are discussed including a debate about the use of ordinance, i.e. enforcement, to bring about health- related behavioural change. As stated earlier (para.1, p.1) this issue is of particular relevance to smoking. The argument for enforcement is that the end result of reducing smoking behaviours and resultant improvement in health status as well as savings made to the cost of healthcare, justifies the prohibition formula.Broad approache s to health promotion reflect the models of health referred to (para. 2 on this page) and are categorised by Naidoo and Wills (2000b) as medical/ preventative behavioural change educational empowerment and social change. Within the medical approach there are three aims of prevention primary, secondary and tertiary. To apply these specifically to smoking the primary take aims to prevent smoking behaviour before it begins, the secondary level is concerned with preventing the recurrence of a smoking- related illness or disease by encouraging the patient to give up smoking and the tertiary level is about promoting quality of life within a chronic condition such as diabetes, in which case the message would be that the individuals quality of life would be optimised if they do not smoke.The behavioural approach focuses on lifestyle issues (Laverack 2004) Emphasis is placed upon the individuals responsibility for health which does not take into account factors outwith the individuals cont rol and as such, this approach has been criticised for being victim- blaming (Tones and Tilford 2001), shifting responsibility away from the government for example, in relation to individual health status.The educational approach is less about placing responsibility on individuals in relation to their health- related behaviours and more about giving information and facilitating people to make informed choices about their lifestyle choices. This approach relates to the rational- empirical scheme depict further on (para. 2, p.4) as it is based on the assumption that giving people information will lead to attitudinal and behavioural change. As will be seen, this does not always happen. This approach is also dependent on a level of concordance from the individual, for example a commitment to attend regular sessions as part of an educational programme.The empowerment approach reflects the normative- re-educative strategy described further on (para. 4, p. 4) and entails giving people th e means to have increased control over the determinants that affect their health status. This involves lodge participation, a collective approach which is embedded within the philosophy of public health. According to Laverack (2004) there can be different interpretations of what constitutes a community. We tend to think in legal injury of a geographical community a locality. It might be more effective in health promotion terms to think of a community as a group with shared characteristics, such as young people. The reality of community participation is that it tends to be more evident among communities who are meliorate and higher up the socioeconomic scale. People who are disadvantaged are less lilkely to be motivated to participate in health- related programmes- they may witness marginalised and are preoccupied with the issues that their situation presents, such as concerns about housing and income health promotion is not viewed as a priority, and smoking might be used as a me ans of helping them to cope with adversity (Hanson Hoffman 1998).This leads onto the notion of the social change approach. This is quite a complex concept that involves health promotion initiating and driving social change in order to improve conditions that are conducive to health (Erben et al 2000). affable change would involve making the sorts of improvements that would place health issues more firmly on everybodys agenda. There are many factors that contribute to social change such as legislation and shifts in ideas about codes of behaviour. For example, attitudes about sexual behaviour have changed over the years, contributing to health issues such as increased incidence of sexually transmit disease and a rise in teenage pregnancies (Measor et al 2000). There is some indication that social attitudes to smoking have changed (Moonie 2005) which is arguably, a positive development some smokers report that they feel like social pariahs The social change approach is underpinned by an acknow conductgement of the complexity of what influences health- related behaviours and can be colligate to the social model of health, discussed in para. 2, p.2.Specific health promotion methods are quite diverse including giving information in a didactic manner, for example via talks to large groups lobbying local health and Government authorities making use of the mass media (for example there is currently a television information advertisement about the early signs of myocardial infarction) working with groups teaching social or life skills that are related to health status publicity events, e.g. health fairs facilitating community groups enforcing health regulation one to one advice and education networking and liaising with other workers instructing on specific techniques, such as self-administration of insulin facilitating self help groups and enabling health promotion by the provision of support services such as childcare and interpreting facilities (Naidoo and Wills 2 000c). Most of these methods can be adapted for use with smoking cessation.The change strategies framework by Bennis (1976) can be applied to health behavioural change and is of particular relevance to anti- smoking legislation. It includes three strategies for bringing about change which are based on different assumptions about piece behaviour, and which, when applied to health promotion, involve three distinctly different approaches. The first strategy (rational- empirical), is based on the supposition that knowledge is power. Within this strategy it is assumed that an individual will modify their health- related behaviour in rejoinder to receiving reliable and valid information. For example, if the government or a health professional issues advice about the dangers of smoking, the individual should reduce or cease their smoking habit. It is well- known that this ofttimes does not happen even some health professionals smoke, despite their level of knowledge about the dangers (Mc Kenna 2001). The reasons for this are usually related to dependence. It is also possible that human beings adopt Freudian mental defence mechanisms, which are maladaptive coping strategies used (in this instance) to circumvent evidence of the negative consequences of a health- related behaviour, such as smoking. These include denial, intellectualisation (which involves citing contradictory evidence), or rationalisation, among others (Lupton 1995). Resorting to these defences can undermine the power of knowledge and evidence, however valid and reliable it is.The second strategy (power- coercive) involves the use of legislation and policy change in order to enforce health- related change. A good example of this is the anti- smoking legislation referred to in paragraph 1, page 1. There is some evidence to demonstrate that no- smoking policies do have the effect of reducing smoking behaviour (Brigham et al 1994). There has been criticism of the legislation as it is seen by some as an in fringement of the individuals right to choose. However this view is countered by the argument that the health of non- smokers can be adversely affected by cigarette smoke, and these people have the right to be protected (HM Treasury 2004). It appears that many non- smokers feel that they should be safeguarded from the effects of passive smoking (Pilkington et al 2006).The first two strategies adopt a top- down approach whereas the third strategy (normative- re-educative) is based on the assumption that an individual is more credibly to change their health- related behaviour if they have had involvement in bringing about the change if they feel empowered. This approach underpins some of the health promotion strategies referred to in para. 1 of this page for example facilitating community groups. However as discussed earlier (para. 2, p.3), it seems likely that community participation and empowerment might be of limited time value within certain groups, such as people who are disadv antaged or marginalised.In conclusion, it appears that a multi- faceted approach needs to be adoptive in order to address health- behaviours which are harmful to health, in this instance smoking. The starting point is that there is incontrovertible evidence that smoking is harmful to health, and can lead to premature death, as cited in para.1, p.1. The question of whether we have the right to choose to smoke can be challenged because of the evidence- base that demonstrates that smoking can affect the health of others (para. 3, p. 4). However it is important to recognise that people who smoke need adequate support and resources in order to be able to stop. There is breathing evidence that legislative and policy change can reduce smoking behaviours (para. 3, p.4) and it will be interesting to see the outcomes of the current legislation (para. 1, p. 1). However, smokers also need clear, unambiguous messages about the effects of smoking, consistent support from health professionals and accessible information about smoking cessation services (Kerr et al 2006).ReferencesAcheson D. Independent interrogatory into Inequalities in Health Report. London Stationery Office 1988.Action on Smoking and Health Factsheet No. 2. Smoking Statistics Illness and Death. ASH 2005.Bennis et al The formulation of Change Holt Rinehart and Winston 1976Brigham J, Gross J, Stitzer M and Felch L Effects of a restricted work-site smoking policy on employees who smoke. Am J Public Health. 84(5) 1994 pp. 773778.Department of Health. Health Act 2006. Part 1 Chapter 1. 2006.Erben R, Franzkowiak P and Wenzel E. People empowerment vs. social capital from health promotion to social marketing. Health Promotion Journal of Australia. 9(3) 2000 pp. 179-182Gommans J, Bunton J and MacDonald G. Health Promotion 2nd Edition. Routledge. 2005. p.189.Gulliford M, Sedgwick J and Pearce A. Cigarette smoking, health status, socio-economic status and access to health care in diabetes mellitus a cross-sectional watch. BMC Health Service Research 2003 pp. 3 4.Hanson Hoffman. Recovery from Smoking Second Edition Quitting with the 12 Step Process Revised Second Edition. Hazelden. P.1Kerr S, Watson H, Tolson D, Lough M and Brown M. Smoking after the age of 65 years a qualitative exploration of older current and former smokers views on smoking, stopping smoking, and smoking cessation resources and services. Health and Social concern in the Community. 14(6) 2006 pp. 572-582,Laverack G. Health Promotion Practice Building Empowered Communities. Sage publications. 2004. pp. 21, 22, 44.Lupton D. The Imperative of Health public health and the regulated body. Sage Publications. 1995. p. 111.Mckenna H, slater P, McCance T, Bunting B, Spiers A and McElwee G. Qualified nurses smoking prevalence their reasons for smoking and desire to quit. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 35(5). 2001. pp.769-75McPherson K. Public health does not need to be led by doctors for. BMJ. 30 322(7302) 2001 p.31596.Measor L, Ti ffin C and Miller K. Young Peoples Views on Sex Education Education, Attitudes and Behaviour. Routledge 2000. p.4.Moonie N (Ed.) GCE AS Level Health and Social Care Double Award Book. Harcourt Heinemann. 2005. p.29Naidoo J. Wills J. Health Promotion foundations for practice (2nd edition). London, Baillire Tindall 2000. pp. 113Pilkington P, Gray S. Gilmore and A. Daykin N. Attitudes towards second hand smoke amongst a highly exposed workforce survey of London casino workers. Journal of Public Health. 28(2) 2006 pp.104-110Royal College of Physicians. Nicotine addiction in Britain A report of the Tobacco Advisory Group of the Royal College of Physicians. RCP 2000.Seedhouse D. Ethics the lovingness of healthcare. Second Edition. John Wiley and Sons.. 2002. Chapter 2Tannahill A What is Health Promotion? Health Education Journal 44(4) 1985 pp. 167-8Tones K and Green J Health Promotion formulation and Strategies. Sage Publications. 2004. p. 16.Tones K and Tilford S. Health Promotion eff ectiveness, efficiency and equity. Nelson Thornes. 2001. p. 28.Total word count 2752

Magical Realism and Fantastic Sublime in Laura Esquivels Like Water fo

Magical Realism and Fantastic Sublime in Laura Esquivels Like Water for drinking chocolateThe different elements of the story Like Water for Chocolate are amazing. The feelings that go through a soulfulness upon listening, watching, and tasting events that happen during this story of the Spanish familys lives. The impost of this family were so unorthodox. This story is fantastic sublime and magical world combined. Laura Esquivel wrote this novel in 1992. The nationality of the people in the novel was Mexican. A person can itemise by the way expressions were made and the things that were done in the story. The novel has many fantastic sublime elements as well as magical realism. The elements of the story that capture out in a persons mind are the birth of Tita, the feelings of the love that Tita has in her heart for her sisters husband, Titas cooking, the shower catching on fire, and Titas sister riding glowering on a horse. Upon the birth of Tita, her mother flooded the kitch en table and floor when her water broke. The fluid had turned to salt and had to be swept up mop up the floor. This type of thing happening in the real world is not going to happen. The fluid turning into the salt was definitely a magical realism element. The fluid from the birth drying up like salt is similar to the sublime. The mysteries of cooking are treated in Like Water for Chocolate. The sublime seems to have a definition of being inhuman, an image that cannot be named. The magical realism has the definition of being magical and unreal. Titas love she had for her sisters husband upon their marriage and through out the cadence of their marriage and lives. Titas love never changed. It was the magical way Tita felt in her heart about the man she loved and the ... ...is really hard to distinguish the diversity between the two. The hidden mysteries in the story of Like Water for Chocolate seem to never show the real meanings. The novel is interesting and keeps a person on his or her toes. The main point in the story is the boiling point that a person has inside will eventually boil over, presumption enough time. Emotions run high through out the story as well as the way each and everyone deal with the way the emotions come out. flora Cited Arensberg, Mary. The American Sublime. Albany State University of New York Press, Albany 1986. Esquivel, Laura. Like Water for Chocolate. N.Y. Doubleday, 1992. Faris, Wendy. Scheherazades Children Magical Realism and Postmodern Fiction Magical Realism Theory, History, Community. Ed. Lois Parkinson Zamora and Wendy B. Faris. Durkham, N.C. Durham Duke up, 1995 163-190.

Gun Control is Racial Discrimination Essay -- Gun Control Essays

Gun violence is one of the most serious problems in the United States. Each year in the U.S., more than 35,000 people are killed by triggermans, a death rate much higher than that in any other industrial nations. In 1997, around 70 percent of the murders in the United States were committed with guns. However, ironically, the United States also is the country that has the most gun control laws. Gun control laws generally condense on passing legislationby local state, or national governmentto restrict legal ownership of certain firearms. Seemingly, gun control laws whitethorn decrease criminals access to guns, but in fact the same laws also have their negative effects. Thus, the controversy over gun control is always heated. and my paper is not about whether guns should be controlled or not. From another angle, looking closely at those gun control laws and their enforcement, we can not only implement the criminal problem in America, but also another important social problem in Ame ricaracial discrimination. The racial problem of gun control has raised attention of some American scholars in the U.S. For example, a gloomy man, General Lancy, who is the founder of a little organization known as the National Black Sportsmans Association, often called the black gun lobby said when asked his opinion of gun control Gun control is rightfully race control. People who embrace gun control are really racists in nature. All gun laws have been enacted to control certain classes of people, mainly black people Some white men have said almost the same thing. Investigative reporter Robert Sherrill concluded in his book The Saturday Night particular(a) that the object of the Gun Control Act of 1968 was black control rather than gun control. Congress passed the act... ...ontrol certain classes of people References 1. Sam B. Girgus, 1981, The American Self. Albuquerque University of New Mexico Press. 2. Michael Golay and Carl Rollyson, 1996, Where American Stands. Canada John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 3. Seymour W. Itzkoff, 1994, The Decline of Intelligence in America. London Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. 4. Don B. Kates, Jr., 1988, Restricting Handguns. Durham, N.C. Duck University Press. 5. Jonathan Rauch, 1994, Demosclerosis The Silent Killer of American Government. New York Time Books. 6. pile D. Wright, Peter H. Rossi, and Kathleen Daly, 1988, Under the Gun Weapons, Crime, and Violence in America. Colorado Sage Books. 7. Zhu Yongtao, 1991, Essentials of British and American Cultures. Beijing Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. 8. http//www.handguncontrolinc.org/history.htm

Huck Finn :: essays research papers

I personally find the oblige Adventures of Huckleberry Finn to be a anti-racist book. That is my opinion for these reasons, it was one of the first books of its day to show a black man as a true person. Secondly it showed the truth of how cruel southerly society was. And last, the realism the book tried to show throughout the story.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was one of the first books of its day show a black man as a true person. thither argon many examples of this throughout the book, such as when Jim discusses his family and how he wants to go be with them. Jim also shows feeling, for example when Huck and Jim get split up on the rafts Jim worries about Huck, and is concerned for him. Jim also show honesty and dedication, an example is towards the end of the book when Jim sacrafices his freedom to help turkey cock and the doctor after Tom has been shot. So you see the book shows that black population are human beings that have emotions and feelings.The book also shows t he true cruelty of southern society. There are many examples of this in the book. Like the Sunday school discussing how setting blacks free was a deadly sin. And the constant negro sales throughout the book. And how black people had no respect and werent looked upon as human beings. So what sign of the zodiac Twain is trying to tell the reader is how cruel the south was to blacks and how ridiculous the southern society was.I think the book also tries to show realism of what the south was like during its slave years. Many people think that when Mark Twain uses the word Ni__er he is being racist. But really Twain is trying to

Tales Of Simple :: essays research papers

Langston Hughes is represented in Black Voices by the Tales of Simple. Hughes first presents his character Jessie B. Simple in the Forward Who is Simple? In this tommyrot the reader is given its first look at the character Jessie B. Simple who is a black piece of music that represents almost the "anybody or everybody" of black society. Simple is a man who needs to drink, to numb the pain of living life. "Usu completelyy over a glass of beer, he tells me his tales... with a pain in his soul... sometimes as the old blues says... Simple might be laughing to keep from crying" (98, 99). Jessie B. Simple, also known as Simple, has just the right combination of qualities to be Black Americas new spokesman and unsung hero. Simple seems to possess just enough urban humor and cynicism, down-home simplicity, naivete, and "boy-next-door innocence" that Simple easily becomes a character that hard-working, average, prevalent people can relate to. He quickly becomes this sort of Black Every man whose bunions hurt all the time and whose thoughts are relatively kinda simple, yet he is a man who rises above these facts and has a perception that shows the man to have great wisdom and incredible insight. And although he maintains seriousness for all his wisdom to come through his presentation of the facts is given in a humorous manner. In Bop, "Thats why so many white folks do not get their heads beat just for being white. But me --- a cop is liable to grab me almost anytime and beat my head- just for being unilateral " (105). This side to Simple is an example of Hughes attempt to give simple facts or actual truth but instead of telling these things harshly and angrily he tries to sweeten them with a little sarcastic humor. At times, Simple is full of pain. "I have had so many hardships in this life," said Simple, "that it is a oppugn Ill live until I die" (105). This comment by Simple is one of Ramsey 2 many that help portray him as a simple man who has been both mentally and physically broken-down by society but who in Census also says that, in spite of all the hardships he has experienced, he is still here. Hughes, by using Simple, shows his discontent of the black mans world, yet in showing these feelings Hughes never portrays himself to be angry, overcome by fear, or overwhelmed by racial paranoia.

Summary of Holes by Louis Sachar Essay -- essays research papers

HOLESLOUIS SACHARStanley Yelnats is under a curse, one that began with his no-good-dirty-rotten-pig-stealing-great-great-grandfather and has followed generations of Yelnats. Stanley has been falsely convicted of stealing Clyde ?Sweet Feet? Livingston?s, a famous baseball player, sneakers from a postless shelter. forthwith he must attend a boy?s detention center, bivouac Green Lake, where bad boys dig holes all day, every day, digging holes louver feet wide and five feet deep, to become good boys. There is no lake at Camp Green Lake, But there ar an awful a hook of holes.When Stanley first gets to the camp he meets Mr. Sir a man that dresses like a cowboy and has just quit smoking. Mr. Sir tells Stanley that if he wants to run he can run, further that Camp Green Lake is the only place with water for a hundred miles. Then Stanley goes to his tent, tent D, and meets his guidance counselor Mr. Pendanski who everyone else calls ?Mom?. He is introduced to his fellow inmates who are Squid, X-ray, Magnet, Armpit, Zigzag, and Zero. Stanley quickly learns that there nicknames are there only names to call them when he calls Armpit ?Theodore? and gets thrown to the ground.The kids ask Stanley why they sent him to the camp and he tells them it was his no-good-dirty-rotten-pig-stealing-great-great-grandfather. He was unjustly convicted of stealing Clyde Livingston?s cleats from a shelter. Stanley was walking when they just fell from the sky and hit him on the head, he took them and started to run home when the police pulled him over and thought he had stole them. Stanley pleaded his case to the court but they didn?t believe and it was Camp Green Lake or jail, as whatsoever sane kid would, he picked the camp.Camp Green Lake reminded Stanley of th... ...s the song ?If only, if only? and since zero is the descendant of Madame Zeroni he breaks the curse that was on his bloodline. They continue traveling when they fix to start digging for treasure. They start digging be cause Stanley found lipstick that belonged to Kate Barlow and they went back to the area where they found it. Stanley and Hector find the treasure but are surrounded by yellow spotted lizards so they have no choice but to stay in the hole with out moving. A lawyer comes to Camp Green Lake looking for Stanley and the warden and the counselors star looking for them. The next day the warden finds them in the hole and tries to take the treasure but it has Stanley?s name on it. The lawyer goes to take Stanley home and he says he will only go if they can take Zero. Since the warden erased Hector?s files the camp gets shutdown and everyone goes back home.